APHUG AP TEST VOCAB REVIEW

Friction of Distance

a concept that states that the longer a journey is, the more time, effort, and cost it will involve

Time-space compression

a key geographic principle that describes the ways in which modern transportation and communication technology have allowed humans to travel and communicate over long distances quicker and easier

Formal Region

an area that has one or more shared traits; also called a uniform region

Perceptual Region

a type of region that reflects people's feelings and attitudes about a place

Globalization

the expansion of economic, cultural, and political processes on a worldwide scale

World Systems Theory

theory describing the spatial and functional relationships between countries in the world economy; categorizes countries as part of a hierarchy consisting of the core, periphery, and semi-periphery

Sustainable Development

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Topography

the representation of Earth's surface to show natural and man-made features, especially their relative positions and elevations

remote sensing

collecting or analyzing data from a location without making physical contact

Absolute Distance

the distance that can be measured using a standard unit of length

Arithmetic Density

measures the total number of people per unit area of land

Dependency ratio

the number of people in a dependent age group (under age 15 or age 65 and older) divided by the number of people in the working-age group (ages 15 to 64), multiplied by 100

Crude birth rate (CBR)

the number of births in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population

rate of natural increase (RNI)

rate at which a population grows as the result of the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate

Doubling Time

the number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate will double

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

a model that describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

a model that represents shifts in the growth of the world's populations, based on population trends related to birth rate and death rate

Temperate Climates

those with moderate temperatures and adequate precipitation amounts

Agricultural Density

measures the total number of farmers per unit of arable land

Antinatalist

describing attitudes or policies that discourage childbearing as a means of limiting population growth

Pronatalist

describing attitudes or policies that encourage childbearing as a means of spurring population growth

Mobility

all types of movement from one location to another, whether temporary or permanent or over short or long distances

net migration

the difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location, such as a city or a country

transnational migration

international migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties with their countries of origin

friction of distance

a concept that states that the longer a journey is, the more time, effort, and cost it will involve

transhumance migration

a form of migration practiced by nomads who move herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer and lower elevations during the winter

step migration

series of smaller moves to get to the ultimate destination

circular migration

when migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs

Repartriate

to return to one's home country

Interregional Migration

movement from one region of the country to another

Intraregional Migration

movement within one region of a country

Quotas

limits on the number of immigrants allowed into the country each year

Remittances

money earned by an emigrant abroad and sent back to his or her home country

brain drain 

the loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another—often richer—country

Sociofacts

structure of organization of a culture that influences social behavior

Mentifacts

A central, enduring element of a culture that reflect its shared ideas, values, knowledge, and beliefs

Popular Culture

The widespread behaviors, beliefs, and practices of ordinary people in society at a given point in time

Cultural Norms

A shared standard or pattern that guides the behavior of a group of people

Ethnocentrism

The tendency of ethnic groups to evaluate other groups according to preconceived ideas originating from their own culture

Cultural Relativism

The evaluation of a culture by its own standards

Sequent Occupance

The notion that successive societies leave behind their cultural imprint, a collection of evidence about human character and experiences within a geographic region, which shapes the cultural landscape

Traditional Architecture

An established building style of different cultures, religions, and places

Postmodern Architecture

A building style that emerged as a reaction to "modern" designs, and values diversity in design

Toponyms

a place name

Gentrification

The renovations and improvements conforming to middle-class preferences

Placemaking

A community-driven process in which people collaborate to create a place where they can live, work, play, and learn

Adherents

A person who is loyal to a belief, religion, or organization

Denominations

A separate church organization that unites a number of local congregations

Sect

A relatively small group that has separated from an established denomination

Stimulus Diffusion

The process by which a cultural trait or idea spreads to another culture or region but is modified to adapt to the new culture

Creolization

The blending of two or more languages that may not include the features of either original language

Cultural Convergence

The process by which cultures become similar through interaction

Cultural Divergence

The process by which cultures become less similar due to conflicting beliefs or other barriers

Acculturation

The process by which people within one culture adopt some of the traits of another while still retaining their own distinct culture

Assimilation

A category of acculturation in which the interaction of two cultures results in one culture adopting almost all of the customs, traditions, language, and other cultural traits of the other

Syncretism

Process of innovation combining different cultural features into something new

Collectivist Cultures

A culture in which people are expected to conform to collective responsibility within the family and to be obedient to and respectful of elder family members

Isolate

A language that is unrelated to any other known language

Language Branch

A collection of languages within a language family that share a common origin and separated from other branches in the same family several thousand years ago

Language Groups

Languages within a language branch that share a common ancestor in the relatively recent past and have vocabularies with a high degree of overlap

Universalizing Religions

A religion that tries to appeal to all humans and is open to membership by everyone

Secularized

Focused on worldly rather than spiritual concerns

State

a politically organized independent territory with a government, defined borders, and a permanent population; a country

Sovereignty

the right of a government to control and defend its territory and determine what happens within its borders

Nations

a cultural entity made up of people who have forged a common identity through a shared language, religion, heritage, or ethnicity---often all four of these

Nation-State

a politically organized and recognized territory composed of a group of people who consider themselves to be a nation

Multistate

Nation-people who share a cultural or ethnic background but live in more than one country

Irredentism

attempts by a state to acquire territories in neighboring states inhabited by people of the same nation

Multinational State

a country with various ethnicities and cultures living inside its borders

Autonomous

having authority to govern territories independently of the national government; for example, by having a separate currency

Semiautonomous

describing a region that is given partial authority to govern its territories independently from the national government

Stateless Nation

a people united by culture, language, history, and tradition but not possessing a state

Territoriality

the attempt to influence or control people and events by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area; the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land

Antecedent Border Boundaries

a border established before an area becomes heavily settled

Subsequent Border Boundaries

a border drawn in an area that has been settled and where cultural landscapes exist or are in the process of being established

Consequent Border Boundary

a type of subsequent boundary that takes into account the differences that exist within a cultural landscape, separating groups that have distinct languages, religions, ethnicities, or other traits

Superimposed Boundary

a border drawn over existing accepted borders by an outside or conquering force

Geometric Boundaries

a mathematically drawn boundary that typically follows lines of latitude and longitude or is a straight-line arc between two points

Relics

a former boundary that no longer has an official function

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

an area that extends 200 nautical miles from a state's coast; a state has sole access to resources found within the waters or beneath the sea floor of its EEZ

Federal State

the organization of a state in which power is shared between the federal government and internal regional units