Biology "Viruses Chapter"

What is a prokaryote?

single-celled organism without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelle

What are the characteristics of prokaryotes?

unicellular, prokaryote, asexual reproduction, cell structure, cell wall, and nutrition

Name and describe the 2 domain kingdoms of prokaryotes

Domain archaea = ancient bacteria that live in extreme environments

Domain bacteria = found almost everywhere 

eg. water, air, and soil 

Identify characteristics of viruses that associate with the living 

1. reproduction = can reproduce but only from inside a living host cell

2. adaptation = adapt to their hosts and environment 

3. mutation = can mutate and evolve as time goes by

4. genetic material = contain DNA or RNA, just like living organisms 

 Identify non-living characteristics of viruses

no cells = not made out of cells

no metabolism = can’t use energy on their own 

cannot reproduce alone = can’t reproduce without a host cell

no growth or development = does not change form like living things 

can be crystallized = can be crystallized and stored like non-living chemicals  

How does a lysogenic cycle differs from a lytic cycle?

lytic cycle = destructive and active

lysogenic = hidden and delayed

Identify three basic lines of defense the body has to fight of a viral attack

first line = skin, tears, mucus, saliva, and stomach acid blocks viruses from entering the body

second line = white blood cells attack any invader causing inflammation/fever to slow the virus down

third line = recognize the virus and create antibodies or kill infected cells which gives long-term immunity (types of cells: lymphocytes (B - cells and T - cells)

5 ways to reduce the chance of getting a viral disease

hygiene, avoiding sick contacts, vaccines, protection, and a strong immune system

What is a viral specificity?

virus can only infect certain types of hosts or cells

Provide 3 examples of viral specificity

1. HIV - infects human T helper

2. Influenza virus - infects human respiratory tract cells

3. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) - infects tobacco plants