peripheral blood

what are the functions of blood?

delivery of oxygen and nutrients

transports of wastes

delivery of hormones/substances

maintenance of homeostasis

transport of cells

what are the two components of blood?

formed and unformed elements

plasma

slightly alkaline, 90% water

what is a buffy coat?

layer of leukocytes (WBCs) and platelets

what are the formed elements?

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes (platelets)

which leukocytes are most abundant in the body?

neutrophils

total eyrthrocyte count

4,000,000-6,000,000

total leukocyte count

5000-9000

differential leukocyte count:

any of 5 given wbc/ total leukocyte count

which are granulocytes?

neutrophils

eosinophils

basophils

which are agranulocytes?

lymphocytes

monocytes

which is an anticoagulant?

plasma

what are unformed elements?

water

protein (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen)

other solutes

What is the difference between plasma, serum, fibrinogen, and fibrin?

• Plasma = liquid portion of blood that contains clotting factors, including fibrinogen.

• Serum = liquid remaining after blood has clotted; does not contain fibrinogen.

• Fibrinogen = inactive, soluble clotting protein found in plasma.

• Fibrin = insoluble protein fibers formed when thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin during clotting.

• Function of fibrin: Forms a mesh that traps blood cells and creates a blood clot.

what is a blood clot?

a fibrin containing network trapping blood cells

why are erythrocytes important?

specialized for oxygen transport

• they dont have a nucleus to have room to transport oxygen

what is the life span of a rbc

120 days

why is the rbc shape biconcave disc

flat to increase surface area

how big is the erythrocyte in diameter

7-9

smaller than 6

microcyte

bigger than 9

macrocyte

what the are contents of rbcs

66% water

Lipids (1%)

33% hemoglobin

most of the hemoblobin in the adult is

HbA

hemolysis

rupture of erythrocytes membrane caused by hypotonicity or hemolytic agents

crenation

spiky or spiny appearance caused by decreased

• atp

• lysolecithin

• some fatty acids

any time of deviation from 7-8 will affect…

carry capacity of oxygen

diffusion

sickle cell anemia

position 6 on B chain has valine substituted for glutamic acid. altered cell shape and low o2 concentrations

surface antigens

Rh antigen

why might Rh antigen be problematic?

if a women is prego w/ her second child if shes Rh - and the child is Rh +

Leukocytes Properties

1. all are terminally differentiated

2. non-miotic (no cell division)

3. nucleated

4. no hemoglobin

5. arise, function and die with connective tissue

6. immune cell that fight off pathogens

7. leukocytosis

8. leukopenia

leukocytosis

pathological increase in WBC

leukopenia

pathological decrease in wbc

agranulocytes

agranulocytes do have primary granules (lysosomes) even though classified as agranulocytes

characteristics of Lymphocytes

1. 30% of all circulating wbc

2. size varies 6-18

3. nuclei are spherical

4. cytoplasm basophilic

5. circulate for 8 hrs then migrate into connective tissue

6. found in lymph nodes

7. give rise to b and t cells

B cells

differentiate into plasma cells in connective tissue

T cells

differentiate into cytotoxic or helper t cels

what do b and t cells both have?

effector and memory cells

cytotoxic cd8 cells

recognizes antigens and lyses cell

helper cd4 cells

help mediate and make antibodies (assist B cells)

suppressor cd8

limit immune activity

nk cells

stem and natural killer cells (bacteria)

why is there a lot of endoplasmic reticulum around plasma?

create antibodies

characteristics of monocytes

1. 3-8% of all circulating wbc

2. sizes varies 9-15

3. nuclei are idented

4. cytoplasm basophilic and vacuolated

5. 1-2 days in circulation but up to 2 years in connective tissue

6. migrate connective tissue and turn into macrophages

why are monocytes macrophage precursor important?

bacterial phagocytosis (bacterial inactivation via respiratory burst activity) (clean up crew)

macrophages

connective and lymphoid tissue

osteoclasts

bone

kupffer cells

liver

what do secondary granules do

give them their characteristic (neutrophil, esophil, basophil)

what order are granules synthesized?

primary, secondary, tertiary

what order are granules synthesized?

tertiary, secondary, primary

what do secondary contain

contains antimicrobial agents (lysozyme, alkaline, phosphates, bactericides)

where do you not see barr body

male blood

Neutrophil Role in Inflammation

1. release of contents of tertiary granules

2. digestion of basal lamina, priming of secondary granules

3. release of antimicrobial agents from secondary granules

4. phagocytosis, fusion of endosome with primary granukes

5. form reactive compounds

6. leukotrine synethesis

sequence of cells ready to fight

neutrophils

monocytes

fibroblasts

basophils,eosinophils, and lymphocytes

2nd most common

eosiniophil

eosionophil main activity

help breakdown histaminanses and go after parasites

when are eosinophils increased?

increased in allergic reactions, parasitic and skin infections

counteract effects of basophil and mast cell degranulation

which is least common granulocyte?

basophil

(lobed nucleus)

basophil main job

promote inflammation, histamine release, vascular permeability

asthma

localized response

anaphylaxis

systemic response

what are platelets involved in

releasing fibrin

What is platelet functions

degranulation, clotting reactions, and plasmin breakdown clot once have healed

hemopoiesis granulocytes

starts off slow and nucleus eventually gets kicked out