Bio 111 Animal Nutrition

nutrient

any substance needed for survival, growth, development, tissue repair, or reproduction

food

_________ is cells and extracellular material from living things

-proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, water and minerals

nutrient storage

foods from plants are often specialized for _________________________: tubers and seeds (cereal grains, legumes and nuts).

essential nutrients

nutrients not made by animal but obtained in the diet

protein complementation

many traditional diets have _________________________________: a dietary strategy that involves combining two or more incomplete protein sources to create a complete protein

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

what are the four major nutrients?

carbohydrates

5 carbon sugar monomers

-most common is glucose

proteins

amino acid chains; components of lean tissue, enzymes, hormones

-excess can be used as energy

lipids

long carbon chains connected to a glycerol

-monomers are fatty acids

nucleic acids

nucleotides connecting a sugar phosphate backbone

vitamins

__________________ are organic molecules you need that don't need to be broke down. they are small enough to be absorbed.

water-soluble vitamins

_____________________ are mostly involved in metabolism but are easy to absorb, dissolve in water, and are carried between cell membranes

fat-soluble vitamins

_____________________ don't dissolve in water, need fat to help transport them throughout the body, and can be stored in your fat.

minerals

______________ are inorganic ions and metals needed as cofactors, electrolytes or bone material

monosaccharides (simple sugars), amino acids, fatty acid chains, and nucleotides

what are the 4 groups of monomers our body gains from breaking down polymers?

extracellular; intracellular

digestion is _____________________ in complex animals, _________________ in sponges, single celled organisms

-phagocytosis, can only eat tiny particles, no food storage, low energy

incomplete digestive tract

cnidarians and flatworms have an _________________________ (mouth = anus)

-gastrovascular cavity

-protects cells from enzymes, allows to eat large items

-slow absorption

gastrovascular cavity

both digestion and distribution of nutrients.

mechanical digestion

-chewing to increase surface area

-squeezing, churning to mix enzymes

-adding mucus and bile to improve enzyme access

chemical absorption

-enzymes to hydrolyze bonds

-acids or bases to soften connective tissues, kill pathogens

GI tract

_______________ is a tube open to the outside

lumen

___________, cavity of the tube, is lined with epithelial and glandular cells that secrete enzymes, hormones, acid

-also secretory cells that release mucus

oral cavity

digestion starts in the _____________

-salivary glands deliver saliva to lubricate food, kill some bacteria

-teeth chew food into smaller particles that are exposed to salivary amylase and other enzymes (lysozyme, lingual lipase)

bolus of food

once food is chewed up, it's called a _____________________

chyme

the stomach stores food and secretes gastric juice, which converts a meal to acidic __________

gastric juice

_________________ is made up of HCl and the protease pepsin

HCl

_______ kills bacteria ingested with food, activates pepsinogen to pepsin, and denatures proteins

small intestine

the _______________________ is the longest section of the alimentary canal

duodenum

most digestion occurs in the first section of the small intestine, the ____________________

jejunum and ileum

the ___________________________ function mainly in absorption of nutrients and water in the small intestine

brush border

epithelial lining of the duodenum, the ___________________, produces several digestive enzymes

-maltase, sucrase, lactase, aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, nucleases

-these finish digesting macromolecules to their monomers

bile

_______ behaves like a detergent

-contains cholesterol, acid, phospholipids, bilirubin and salts

-emulsifies large fat droplets into smaller ones, giving greater surface area on which lipases can act

-CONTAINS NO ENZYMES

gall bladder

the liver makes bile, while the ____________________ stores it

stomach with pepsin

where does the protein in the meat start breaking down? what does it?

small intestine with bile and lipase

where does the fat start breaking down? what does it?

villi and microvilli

______________________ are exposed to the intestinal lumen

-both increase surface area 30-fold

lacteal

each villus (plural form of villi) contains a network of blood vessels and a small lymphatic vessel called a ____________

chylomicrons

fats are mixed with cholesterol and coated with protein, forming complexes called __________________

-these are transported into lacteals and lymph to join general circulation

secondary active transport

amino acids and monosaccharides pass through the epithelium of the small intestine by ______________________________ (cotransporters)

neurons

_________________ in alimentary canal control muscle contraction, glandular activity

-food enters stomach, causes expansion, activates nerves, stimulates glands

-once food enters small intestines causes stomach to slow down

gastrin, secretin, and CCK

how else is enzyme secretion controlled?

gastrin

________________ is produced by stomach and duodenum upon stimulation by partially digested protein or by vagus nerve when stomach is distended

hormones

___________________ are chemical signals produced by cells in organs or specialized glands, that circulate in the bloodstream and act on one or more target tissues to cause many effects throughout the body

hepatic portal system

first sent to the liver, hepatocytes take up excess glucose and other nutrients in response to hormones (e.g., insulin)

-between meals when blood levels of these drop, hormones (e.g., glucagon) signal the liver to break down glycogen and secrete the monomers into circulation

-want slow steady stream, not burst of nutrients

-blood coming from the intestine varies in composition throughout the day.

pancreas

________________ is an endocrine and exocrine gland.-exocrine cells make digestive enzymes for lumen-endocrine cells make insulin and glucagon-together they maintain constant blood glucose levels

type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)

-immune system has mistakenly destroyed beta cells

-glucose accumulates to high level in blood

-treated by administration of insulin

-usually appears earlier in life

type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)

-cells of the body lose much of their ability to respond to insulin

-associated with obesity

-usually appears later in life

active insulin

banting, best, macleod, and collip were the first to isolate _______________

colon

the _________ of the large intestine is connected to the small intestine

cecum

the ____________ aids in the fermentation of plant material and connects the small and large intestines

appendix

reduced in humans, but has an extension, the _______________, plays a minor role in immunity

colon

a major function of the ____________ is to recover water

heartburn

acidic stomach contents moving into esophagus

-caused by overeating, diet, smoking, pregnancy

ulcers

erosion of alimentary canal

-caused by over production of acid, bacterial infections

heliobacter pylori

Marshall and Warren observed some ulcer patients had active colonies of _____________________

plants

___________ are hard to digest, easy to catch

meat

__________ is easy to digest, hard to catch