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Which step of risk analysis involves identifying hazards and evaluating their associated risks?
risk assessment
Which step of risk analysis ranks risks?
comparative risk analysis
Which step of risk analysis determines options and makes decisions about reducing risks?
risk management
Which step of risk analysis informs decision makers and public about risks?
risk communication
What is defined as the possibility of suffering harm from a hazard causing injury, economic loss, or environmental damage?
risk
What is risk expressed in terms of?
probability
Name the FOUR major types of hazards:
cultural, chemical, physical, biological
Examples of cultural hazards:
poor diet, drugs, driving, assault
Examples of chemical hazards:
harmful chemicals in the air, water, soil, or food
Examples of physical hazards:
fire, weather, radiation, earthquakes, volcanoes, ionizing radiation
Examples of biological hazards:
pathogens, allergens, animals
What type of chemical causes temporary/permanent harm or death?
toxic chemical
Name the FOUR characteristics of hazardous chemicals:
flammable, skin or lung damage, interferes with O2 uptake, induces allergic reactions
What is an increase in the concentration of a chemical in specific organs/tissues of an organism over time?
bioaccumulation
What is an increase in the concentration of chemicals in organisms at higher trophic levels?
biomagnification
What were the neurological effects in Japan due to mercury poisoning from wastewater in seafood called?
Minamata Disease
What is the amount of chemical received in a dose killing 50% of subjects?
median lethal dose / LD50
What is a chemical with 50 mg or less of LD50?
poison
What describes the dose below no foreseeable toxic effects?
threshold level of toxicity
Which biological hazard is NOT caused by living things and does not spread?
nontransmissible disease
Which biological hazard is caused by living things and can spread through pathogens?
transmissible disease
Examples of nontransmissible diseases:
diabetes, bronchitis, malnutrition, mesothelioma
Examples of transmissible diseases:
tuberculosis, HIV, West Nile, cholera, malaria, dysentery, SARS, MERS, COVID
What is the deadliest infectious disease?
pneumonia / flu
What pathogen spreads through mosquitoes and causes birth defects, identified in Africa in 1947 and spreading due to increasing global temperatures?
Zika virus
What pathogen emerged in West Africa and killed 5,000 in an outbreak?
Ebola
What pathogen came from China and caused a worldwide pandemic in 2020?
Coronavirus
What is the leading cause of death in the US?
heart disease
Which change involves chronic diseases having higher mortality than childhood infectious diseases?
epidemiological transition
Which phase of epidemiological transition involves VERY high death rates?
Phase 1
Which phase of epidemiological transition involves medical advances causing lower death rates?
Phase 2
Which phase of epidemiological transition involves leveling off the death rate and most mortality due to nontransmissible diseases?
Phase 3
Which phase of epidemiological transition involves a level death rate and growing average life span with medical advances?
Phase 4
Which phase of epidemiological transition involves higher death rate because of urbanization + antibiotic overuse causing infectious diseases?
Phase 5
Which phase of epidemiological transition are we currently in?
Phase 5
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