Growth and Development in School Age and Adolescents: Pediatrics Overview

What is the age range for school-aged or pre-adolescent children?

6 to 12 years old.

How much do girls typically grow compared to boys during school age?

Girls grow earlier and faster than boys.

What is the average height growth per year for school-aged children?

About 2 inches per year.

What is the average weight gain for school-aged children per year?

5 to 7 lbs per year.

At what age does puberty development typically begin in school-aged children?

Between 8 to 10 years old.

What significant brain development occurs by age 7 in school-aged children?

Myelinization is completed.

What physical appearance do school-aged children still exhibit despite improved muscle coordination?

A gangling appearance.

What developmental milestone occurs around age 6 for school-aged children?

They start losing baby teeth.

How does the GI tract mature in school-aged children?

It becomes more mature, leading to fewer upset stomachs.

What happens to the heart and heart rate as children grow during the school age?

The heart grows more slowly, and the heart rate slows down, making vital signs more similar to adults.

What is Erikson's developmental stage for school-aged children?

Industry versus inferiority.

What does 'industry' mean in Erikson's developmental stage?

The drive to achieve and compete using skills and knowledge.

What can lead to feelings of inferiority in school-aged children?

Failure to meet their own or others' expectations, leading to fear of trying.

What cognitive skills develop in school-aged children regarding reading and writing?

They progress from skills to understanding, with an increased attention span.

What are some social learning aspects for school-aged children?

They learn from peers and can explore topics like intercourse, politics, and religion.

How can repeating a grade affect school-aged children's self-esteem?

It can decrease their self-esteem, even if necessary.

What does a holistic attitude towards education for school-aged children include?

Artistic expression, creativity, joy, cooperation, responsibilities, industry, and love.

How do school-aged children's thinking skills evolve?

They transition from concrete thinking to abstract thinking.

What principle do school-aged children understand regarding physical objects?

The principle of conservation.

How does problem-solving ability change in school-aged children?

They improve from thinking about how things are to considering how things could be.

What influences speech and language development in school-aged children?

The home environment, adults, older siblings, television, and music.

What social behavior is more pronounced in school-aged children?

They become more competitive.

What types of games do school-age children enjoy?

They like games with rules, puzzles, board games, and sports.

How do school-age children typically view heroes?

They usually idolize a hero.

What social structures do school-age children prefer?

They like being in groups, clubs, gangs, and teams.

What is the significance of gender identity in school-age children?

Gender identity is very important and influences their development.

What influences the development of school-age children?

Development is influenced by parents, guardians, and school.

How does aggressive behavior acceptance differ between genders?

Aggressive behavior is often more accepted in boys than in girls.

What is androgyny?

Androgyny refers to possessing both masculine and feminine qualities.

What is the nature of sexual education for school-age children?

Sexual education is a lifelong process that should be approached simply.

Why is it important to use correct names for genitalia in sexual education?

Using correct names helps normalize discussions about the human body.

What should children be prepared for regarding their bodies?

Boys should be prepared for erections and nocturnal emissions; girls should be prepared for menstruation and how to use supplies.

What is a common misconception about discussing sexuality with children?

Children may turn to peers or the Internet for information if parents are uncomfortable discussing it.

What should be taught about unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections?

It is important to educate children about the risks and realities of unwanted pregnancy and STIs.

What cognitive development stage are school-age children transitioning into?

They are starting to become abstract thinkers.

What are some characteristics of six-year-olds?

They are energetic, like to start tasks but may not complete them, and require 11 to 13 hours of sleep per night.

What social preference do school-age children have regarding playmates?

They tend to prefer playing with children of the same sex.

What health practices should parents emphasize for school-age children?

Parents should stress the importance of immunizations and good hand hygiene.

What are some personality traits of seven-year-olds?

They set high standards for themselves, have a wicked sense of humor, and are more modest.

What should be considered when discussing sexuality with school-age children?

It's necessary to understand and review slang or street terms they may hear.

What is a common behavior of six-year-olds regarding communication?

They talk for a purpose rather than just to hear their own voices.

What should adults be aware of regarding children's understanding of terms?

Most children may be confused about the meanings of terms related to sexuality.

What is a potential risk for children being away from home for the first time?

Increased exposure to infectious diseases.

What beginning concepts of math are children starting to understand around age 6?

They begin to understand concepts related to money.

Why is active play important for children around age 7?

It helps them become more independent.

What do 8-year-olds enjoy in terms of activities?

They enjoy being creative and participating in group activities.

How do 8-year-olds typically behave around others compared to family?

They behave better for others than for family.

What benefits do competitive sports provide for 8-year-olds?

They teach teamwork, listening to adults, cooperation, and prioritizing group goals over individual goals.

What is a common behavior of 8-year-olds that needs to be addressed?

They may argue and need to learn to express their anger appropriately.

What increased responsibilities do 9-year-olds typically have?

They have responsibilities like pet care and chores.

How do 9-year-olds respond to criticism?

They are more able to accept criticism without getting upset.

What common concerns might 9-year-olds experience?

Worries and mild compulsions, sometimes referred to as tics.

What physical development is occurring in 9-year-olds?

Permanent teeth are still erupting, and hand-eye coordination is well developed.

How much sleep do children around age 9 need?

They need about 10 hours of sleep.

What is important regarding competitive sports for children approaching puberty?

There should be separate teams for boys and girls due to differences in muscle mass development.

What marks the beginning of pre-adolescence for 10-year-olds?

It is characterized by increased independence and physical maturity, especially in girls.

How do group dynamics change for 10-year-olds?

Group ideas become more important than individual ones.

What social changes occur in 10-year-olds?

They start to listen to peers more than family and use slang terms.

What characteristics describe 11 and 12-year-olds?

They are intense, observant, energetic, and may be argumentative.

How does physical growth influence 11 and 12-year-olds?

Hormones influence their physical growth, becoming more apparent at this age.

What happens to the ability to concentrate in 11 and 12-year-olds?

Their ability to concentrate decreases.

What social behaviors are observed in 11 and 12-year-olds?

They may engage in selective hearing and are interested in their bodies.

What independence milestones do 11 and 12-year-olds reach?

They may walk home alone and get social media accounts.

What do 11 and 12-year-olds need in terms of freedom and limits?

They need freedom but also limits, as they are no longer infants.

How should parents communicate decisions to 11 and 12-year-olds?

Children are more likely to follow rules if they understand the reasoning behind decisions.

What is ineffective communication for 11 and 12-year-olds?

Simply saying 'because I said so' is less effective than explaining the reasons.

What can help children understand and accept reasonable discipline?

Their conscience.

What is a more effective approach than constant verbal nagging for children?

Finding a different approach.

At what age do children start to take more responsibility for pet care?

Around 7 years old.

What factors should be considered when choosing a pet for a child?

The kind of pet, the age of the child, allergies, and immune issues.

What are some benefits of pet therapy for children in hospitals?

It provides companionship and positive vibes for children who feel separated from others.

What is important to monitor when children interact with pets?

Not all pets are trustworthy, and all interactions should be supervised.

What safety measures should be taken for school-age children?

Ensure they wear appropriate safety equipment during risky activities and secure firearms.

What are latchkey children?

Children who get home from school and are unsupervised for a couple of hours before their parents return.

What should parents discuss with their children regarding school safety?

What to do during mass shooting drills and general cyber safety.

What hygiene practices should be taught to children after playing with a dog?

Good hand hygiene.

What is the recommended amount of sleep for school-age children?

Most require at least 10 hours of sleep a night.

What should parents ensure about a dog if their child is immunocompromised?

The dog must be kept clean, up to date on vaccinations, and dewormed.

What is a good teaching tool for children regarding responsibility?

Chores.

What are the potential risks of having pets for children?

The potential for transmitting disease and allergies.

What activities are school-age children prone to that may lead to injuries?

Swimming, diving, biking on ATVs, and participating in team sports.

What should be done with firearms in a household with children?

They should be locked away without bullets, and safety education should be provided.

What is the significance of pet ownership for children?

It can provide companionship and help teach responsibility.

What should parents be informed about when considering a pet for their immunocompromised child?

The risks involved and the importance of pet care and hygiene.

Why is it important to teach children proper names for body parts?

To promote understanding and communication about their bodies.

What should be done to ensure safety at school for children?

Discuss safety drills and measures to stay safe online.

What is one of the key considerations for a child's interaction with pets?

All interactions with pets and other animals should be monitored.

What is the age range for adolescents?

12 to 18 years old.

How much does height typically increase during adolescence?

On average, 2 to 8 inches per year.

What is the expected weight gain during the adolescent growth period?

15 to 55 lbs throughout the entire growth period.

What are secondary sex characteristics?

Characteristics that do not directly involve reproduction, such as pubic hair and voice changes.

What physical changes occur in boys during puberty?

Facial and body hair growth, widening shoulders, enlarged pectoral muscles, deepening voice, and increased genital size.

At what age does puberty typically begin for boys?

Between 10 and 13 years of age.

What are the first signs of puberty in girls?

Breast buds.

What is Tanner's stages of sexual maturity?

A classification system that outlines the different stages of sexual development during puberty.

What is Erikson's developmental stage for adolescents?

Identity versus role confusion.

What cognitive abilities develop during adolescence?

Abstract thinking, systematic problem solving, deductive reasoning, and the ability to empathize.

Why is it important to involve adolescents in their own healthcare planning?

To promote autonomy and responsibility in their health management.

What psychosocial development occurs during adolescence?

Fluctuating sense of identity influenced by peers, family, and teachers.

What is the significance of peer influence during adolescence?

Peers become the most important influencers, impacting conformity and acceptance.