Quiz 8 Lab 11 Reproductive System

A Comprehensive set of flashcards covering male and female reproductive physiology, hormonal control, cycles, and clinical conditions based on lecture notes.

What term describes the production of new individuals through gametes?

Sexual reproduction

What are the names of the male and female gametes?

Sperm and egg

What is produced when fertilization results in one cell with one set of chromosomes from each parent?

A zygote

What is the primary function of gonads?

To produce gametes and secrete sex hormones

What is the medical study of the female reproductive system?

Gynecology

Which medical field focuses on the urinary system and the male reproductive system?

Urology

Which skin sac is divided into two pouches by a septum to house the testes?

Scrotum

Specifically, what temperature range is required for sperm survival compared to core body temperature?

$2-3$ degrees lower than core body temperature

What action does the scrotal muscle take when exposed to cold?

It elevates the testes

What are the approximate dimensions of the testes?

$2\text{ in.}$ by $1\text{ in.}$

What are the $200-300$ compartments in the testes called?

Lobules

What specific structures within the lobules are responsible for sperm formation?

Seminiferous tubules

Which cells are located within the seminiferous tubules to support developing sperm cells?

Sertoli cells

Which cells located between the seminiferous tubules are responsible for secreting testosterone?

Interstitial cells

What barrier is formed by Sertoli cells to protect developing sperm?

Blood-testis barrier

What hormone is secreted by Sertoli cells to slow down sperm production?

Inhibin

Through what process do sperm-forming cells multiply by mitosis before entering meiosis?

Spermatogenesis

How many chromosomes does a primary spermatocyte contain?

$$2n=46$$

Into what do the two secondary spermatocytes develop after the first meiosis division?

Each has $23$ double-stranded chromosomes

How many spermatids are Produced after the second meiosis division from one primary spermatocyte?

Four spermatids

How many single-stranded chromosomes does each spermatid contain?

$$23$$

Which part of the sperm contains the DNA?

The head

What is the name of the cap-like structure on the sperm head contains enzymes for penetrating the egg?

Acrosome

What does the midpiece of the sperm contain to provide energy for locomotion?

Mitochondria to form $ATP$

What is the tail of the sperm functionally classified as?

A flagellum

Which hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate the anterior pituitary?

Gonadotropin releasing hormone ($GnRH$)

What two hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to $GnRH$?

Follicle stimulating hormone ($FSH$) and Luteinizing hormone ($LH$)

What effect does $FSH$ have on Sertoli cells?

It causes them to secrete Androgen Binding Protein ($ABP$) and inhibin

Which cells are stimulated by $LH$ to secrete testosterone?

Interstitial cells

Which two substances together stimulate spermatogenesis?

$ABP$ and testosterone

What mechanisms control male physiology via testosterone and inhibin?

Negative Feedback

Which gland secretes $60\%$ of the clear, alkaline seminal fluid?

Seminal vesicles

What nutrients are found in the fluid from the seminal vesicles for sperm nutrition?

Fructose sugar, $ATP$, and prostaglandins

What percentage of seminal fluid is secreted by the prostate gland?

$$30\%$$

What is a characteristic of prostatic fluid that helps protect against bacteria?

It contains an antibiotic

Which glands secrete clear, alkaline mucus to buffer and lubricate the urethra?

Cowper's glands

What is the typical volume of a single ejaculate?

$2.5$ to $5\text{ ml}$

What is considered a normal sperm count per milliliter?

$50$ to $150\text{ millions/mL}$

At what sperm count level is a male typically considered sterile?

Less than $20\text{ millions/mL}$

Which branch of the nervous system controls the reflex for an erection?

Parasympathetic nervous system

During an erection, what happens to the arterioles supplying the penis?

They dilate

What is the process of propelling fluids through the ductus deferens and into the bulb of the penis?

Emission

Which nervous system reflex governs ejaculation?

Sympathetic nervous system

What is the anatomical term for the birth canal?

Vagina

Where does fetal development occur?

Uterus

What is the size of an ovary compared to?

An unshelled almond

Which part of the ovary contains follicles with egg cells?

Cortex

What is the inner region of the ovary composed of connective tissue and blood vessels called?

Medulla

What is the peritoneal membrane covering the ovary?

Germinal epithelium

Which follicle releases an oöcyte each month during ovulation?

Mature (Graafian) follicle

What functions do estrogens serve in the female body?

Growth and repair of uterine lining, regulation of cycle, sexual characteristics, and bone/muscle maintenance

What is the first stage of follicular development characterized by a single layer of squamous cells?

Primordial follicle

Which cells in primary follicles secrete estrogens?

Granulosa cells

At what stage of follicular development does the antral cavity form?

Secondary follicle

What does the empty follicle become after ovulation?

Corpus luteum

Which hormone secreted by the corpus luteum completes the preparation of the uterine lining?

Progesterone

What is the function of the hormone relaxin?

Relaxes uterine muscles and the pubic symphysis

What is the white scar tissue left after the corpus luteum dies?

Corpus albicans

What are the potential egg cells called that migrate from the yolk sac to the ovary?

Oögonia

Approximately how many primary oöcytes are present at birth?

$200,000$ to $2\text{ millions}$

How many primary oöcytes remain by the time a female reaches puberty?

$$40,000$$

How many oöcytes typically mature during a woman's reproductive life?

$$400$$

In oögenesis, what results from the division of a $2n=46$ primary oöcyte?

One large $n=23$ secondary oöcyte and one small 1st polar body

When does the second division of oögenesis occur?

Only if the secondary oöcyte is fertilized

What does the ovum become the instant it is fertilized by a sperm?

A diploid zygote

What is the length of the Uterine (Fallopian) tubes?

$$4\text{ inches}$$

What is the name of the open, funnel-shaped portion of the uterine tube near the ovary?

Infundibulum

What are the moving finger-like processes at the end of the fallopian tubes?

Fimbriae

In which specific region of the uterine tube does sperm typically reach the oöcyte?

Ampulla

What is the narrowest portion of the uterine tube that joins the uterus?

Isthmus

How long after ovulation does a zygote typically reach the uterus?

About $7\text{ days}$

What are the three subdivisions of the uterus?

Fundus, body, and cervix

What specific layer of the endometrium is shed during menstruation?

Functional layer

Which layer of the endometrium replaces the functional layer each month?

Basal layer

What are the three layers of smooth muscle in the uterus called?

Myometrium

What is the visceral peritoneum of the uterus called?

Perimetrium

What membrane partially closes the vaginal orifice?

Hymen

Which glands are modified sweat glands that produce milk?

Mammary glands

What are the milk-secreting glands within the breast called?

Alveoli

What is the pigmented area around the nipple?

Areola

Which ligaments suspend the breast from the deep fascia of pectoral muscles?

Suspensory (Cooper’s) ligaments

Which hormone stimulates milk synthesis in the alveoli?

Prolactin

Which hormone, produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary, stimulates milk ejection?

Oxytocin

What type of feedback loop operates during milk ejection?

Positive feedback

Which cycle refers specifically to the changes in the ovary during follicle maturation?

Ovarian cycle

Which hormone from the anterior pituitary stimulates follicle growth during the follicular phase?

Follicle stimulating hormone ($FSH$)

What event is triggered by a surge in Luteinizing hormone ($LH$)?

Ovulation

During which phase does the corpus luteum develop from a ruptured follicle?

Luteal phase (postovulatory phase)

Which uterine phase is driven by rising estrogen levels to regrow the functional layer?

Proliferative phase

What is the thickness of the functional layer during the proliferative phase?

$$4-10\text{ mm}$$

What is the thickness of the functional layer during the secretory phase?

$$12-18\text{ mm}$$

What causes the functional layer of the endometrium to discharge during menstruation?

A decline in progesterone levels

If no pregnancy occurs, how many days into the next cycle is the functional layer discharged?

First five days

What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?

It atrophies to a corpus albicans

Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy until the placenta takes over?

human chorionic gonadotropin ($hCG$)

Which part of the blastocyst secretes $hCG$?

The chorion

How many months into pregnancy does the placenta begin producing its own estrogen and progesterone?

$$3-4\text{ months}$$

What is the clinical term for the absence of menstruation?

Amenorrhea

What is the clinical term for pain associated with menstruation severe enough to prevent normal functioning?

Dysmenorrhea

In a complete hysterectomy, what structures are removed?

Uterus and cervix