Period 7 Vocab

Theodore Roosevelt

The 26th U.S. president (1901–1909) who pursued progressive reforms and was a leading conservationist.

Bull Moose Party

Formed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912, advocating for progressive reforms and splitting the Republican vote.

New Nationalism

The progressive platform of Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 election, focusing on strong federal regulation.

Hepburn Act

A 1906 act that strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission, allowing it to set maximum railroad rates.

Pure Food and Drug Act

A 1906 law that banned contaminated food and required truthful labeling.

Meat Inspection Act

A 1906 act establishing sanitary standards and federal inspections for meatpacking facilities.

Upton Sinclair

A muckraker whose novel 'The Jungle' exposed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry.

Northern Securities Case

A landmark 1902 case where Roosevelt used the Sherman Antitrust Act to break up a railroad monopoly.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

A 1909 tariff that aimed to lower tariffs but kept rates high, causing rifts in the Republican Party.

William Howard Taft

The 27th president (1909–1913) known for supporting antitrust reforms and facing criticism from progressives.

Woodrow Wilson

The 28th U.S. president (1913–1921), known for his progressive 'New Freedom' domestic agenda.

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy platform focusing on breaking up monopolies and restoring competition.

Clayton Antitrust Act

A 1914 law to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act by outlawing certain anti-competitive practices.

Federal Reserve Act

A 1913 act to create a central bank to regulate money supply and stabilize the economy.

Federal Trade Commission

A 1914 agency created to prevent unfair business practices and promote competition.

Pinchot-Ballinger Scandal

A controversy during Taft’s presidency involving accusations about conservation and public land management.

Niagara Movement

Founded in 1905, it called for immediate civil rights and an end to racial discrimination.

N.A.A.C.P.

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to advocate for civil rights.

Anti-Imperialist League

Founded in 1898 to oppose U.S. annexation of the Philippines post-Spanish-American War.

Spanish-American War

A 1898 conflict resulting in U.S. control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized news stories that influenced public opinion, particularly during the Spanish-American War.

'Big Stick' Policy

The foreign policy of Teddy Roosevelt emphasizing diplomacy backed by military threats.

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft's policy encouraging U.S. investment in Latin America to promote stability and American interests.

Moral Diplomacy

Wilson’s foreign policy promoting democracy and moral principles in international relations.

Teller Amendment

A 1898 declaration that the U.S. would not annex Cuba post-Spanish-American War.

Platt Amendment

A 1901 amendment limiting Cuba’s sovereignty; allowed U.S. intervention and established a naval base.

Sussex Pledge

A 1916 promise by Germany to limit unrestricted submarine warfare following the Lusitania sinking.

Zimmerman Note

A secret 1917 telegram from Germany proposing an alliance with Mexico against the U.S.

Espionage Act

A 1917 law restricting free speech by criminalizing criticism of the government during WWI.

Schenck v. U.S.

A 1919 Supreme Court case that upheld the Espionage Act, limiting free speech during wartime.

14 Points

Woodrow Wilson’s outline for post-WWI peace emphasizing self-determination and collective security.

League of Nations

An international organization proposed by Wilson to resolve conflicts without war.

Versailles Treaty

The 1919 treaty formally ending WWI, imposing reparations on Germany and including the League of Nations.

Square Deal

The domestic policy of Roosevelt aimed at balancing the interests of business, labor, and consumers.

'Return to Normalcy'

Harding's slogan emphasizing a return to pre-WWI policies and focus on domestic issues.

Red Scare

A period of fear of communism and radicalism following the Russian Revolution.

Warren G. Harding

The 29th president known for pro-business policies and scandals during his administration.

Calvin Coolidge

The 30th president known for his laissez-faire policies and economic prosperity during the 1920s.

Scopes 'Monkey Trial'

A 1925 trial about teaching evolution in schools, highlighting cultural tensions in the 1920s.

National Origins Act

Acts establishing immigration quotas based on nationality and emphasizing nativist attitudes.

Lost Generation

A group of disillusioned American writers in the 1920s critical of materialism after WWI.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural movement celebrating African American identity and arts in the 1920s.

Bonus Army

WWI veterans who protested in Washington D.C. in 1932 for early bonus payments.

Prohibition

A ban on alcoholic beverages established by the 18th Amendment (1920) and repealed by the 21st Amendment.

Flappers

Young women in the 1920s challenging traditional gender roles with new fashions and behaviors.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian immigrants whose trial symbolized nativism and injustice in the 1920s.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A political scandal involving the secret leasing of federal oil reserves during Harding's presidency.

Dawes Plan

A 1924 plan to restructure German reparations after WWI, easing its economic burden.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

A 1928 agreement renouncing war as a tool for resolving conflicts, lacking enforcement mechanisms.

Stock Market Crash

The 1929 crash marking the beginning of the Great Depression, causing massive economic decline.

Glass-Steagall Act

A 1933 law separating commercial and investment banking to reduce financial risk.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

A 1930 tariff raising U.S. import duties, criticized for worsening the Great Depression.

1st Hundred Days

Refers to FDR's early presidency in 1933 focused on implementing key New Deal programs.

Court-Packing Scheme

FDR's unsuccessful 1937 proposal to add justices to the Supreme Court in support of New Deal legislation.

'Brain Trust'

FDR's group of advisors who helped develop innovative New Deal policies.

Keynesian Economics

An economic theory advocating for government intervention during economic downturns.

Herbert Hoover

The 31st president whose administration was defined by the onset of the Great Depression.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

The 32nd president known for leading the U.S. through the Great Depression and WWII.

Stimson Doctrine

A 1932 policy stating the U.S. would not recognize territorial acquisitions made by force.

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR’s approach to improving relations with Latin America through non-intervention.

Lend-Lease Act

A 1941 program allowing the U.S. to supply Allies with military equipment during WWII.

Nye Committee

A Senate committee investigating financial interests behind U.S. WWI involvement.

Neutrality Acts

Laws aimed at keeping the U.S. out of foreign conflicts by prohibiting arms sales to warring nations.

Atlantic Charter

A 1941 declaration outlining Allied goals for the postwar world, including self-determination.

Pearl Harbor

A Japanese attack on the U.S. naval base on December 7, 1941, leading to U.S. entry into WWII.

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to aggressive powers to avoid conflict, criticized post-WWII.

Conferences

Key Allied meetings during WWII to strategize and plan for the postwar world.

Atomic Bombs

Bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to force Japan’s surrender in WWII.

Executive Order 9066

FDR's 1942 order authorizing the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII.

Korematsu v. United States

A 1944 Supreme Court case upholding the constitutionality of Japanese internment camps.

Bond Drives

World War II campaigns encouraging citizens to buy war bonds, financing military efforts.

'Rosie the Riveter'

A cultural icon symbolizing women's contributions to the workforce during WWII.

Theodore Roosevelt

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Muckrakers

A group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics; included Frank Norris (The Octopus) Ida Tarbell (A history of the standard oil company) Lincoln Steffens (the shame of the cities) and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle)

Helen Keller

American female author, political activist, lecturer; first deaf-blind person to earn B.A. She wrote The Story of My Life and The Frost King.

Open Door Policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

Panamanian Revolution

Panama revolted against Colombia after Roosevelt pushed it. Previously there had been strong nationalist movements. US recognized Panama as a new nation 2 days after revolution started.

Hay-Bunua-Varilla Treaty

1903 treaty with Panama, allowed Americans to build a canal in Panama

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

Jacob Riis

He described the awful living conditions of poor people in the tenements of New York City in "How the other half lives"; led to many social reforms.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

N.A.A.C.P.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional

Big Stick Policy

Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen

"Gentleman's Agreement"

an informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration or students, and Japan would not allow further immigration to the U.S.

Edward Bellamy

Wrote Looking Backward; said that captialism supported the few and exploited the many. character wakes up in 2000 after napping; says socialism will be on top in the end

Temperance Crusade

Supported mostly by women and employers. Alcohol was viewed as an inhibitor to performance in families and factories; Women's Christian Temperance Union formed; pressed for legislative abolition of saloons.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Gifford Pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

Bull Moose Party(aka Progressive Party)

Teddy Roosevelt's third party formed to act as the progressive canidate

Hull House

Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

Jane Adams

Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

…, First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

George Creel

Head of the Committee on Public Information who persuaded the nation's artistes and advertising agencies to create thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons, and sculptures promoting the war. He also recruited 75,000 men to serve as "Four-Minute Men" to speak about everything relating to war and topics

Pancho Villa

Mexican revolutionary leader (1877-1923) Did many good things, but killed a lot of people. Wanted to take money from the rich and give it to the poor.

Sarajevo

Bosnia and Herzegovina