humanities test 2

What is the name of this structure?

The Arch of Constantine

What was the purpose of the aqueducts?

Aqueducts were structures that brought water from mountain streams into the city.

What was the purpose of a basilica?

Basilicas were large meeting halls.

What was the purpose of the Colosseum?

The Colosseum was a large sports stadiums.

Which of the following has a drainage system in the floor?

The Pantheon

What did the triumphal arch symbolize to conquered people?

an oxen yoke

How was the Pantheon lighted?

It had a large hole in the roof.

What is the name of this building?

The Pantheon

Which of the following was later used as a model for the design of medieval cathedrals?

basilicas

Which of the following was constructed with a series of 80 barrel vaults arranged in a circle?

The Colosseum

How did Roman temples differ from Greek temples?

All of the above.

What was this structure used for?

It was used for triumphal processions after a war victory.

Which of the following has a different style of Greek column on each level?

The Colosseum

Which of the following was used for gladiatorial combat, battles between humans and animals, and other gruesome sporting events?

The Colosseum

What technique was used to make this ceiling lighter?

It is coffered.

Which of the following is true?

Roman sculture is more realistic t

What led to the development of feudalism, the rather loose brand of governance that would come to dominate European life in the Middle Ages?

the fall of the Roman Empire

Most English placenames have Saxon origins; for instance, chester (as in Winchester) refers to a __________ in Saxon.

Roman camp

Which of the following terms refers to a lord, who performed military service for the kings and noblemen, in Anglo-Saxon culture?

thane

Which of the following is the best summary of the lesson of the epic Beowulf?

No matter how great or small, every person eventually must die..

Who converted the population of Ireland to Christianity between 432 - 461?

Patrick

In order to convert Anglo-Saxons to Christianity, the pope encourage Augustine to __________.

not eliminate pagan traditions overnight

What is unique about the Lindisfarne Gospels?

The manuscript blends pre-Christian artistic motifs that had been used to honor kings to honor the Christian God.

What was the beginning of what would later be known as the Holy Roman Empire?

when Pope Leo III's crowned Charlemagne as emperor

What is the term that expresses the code of conduct that guided a knight and included courage in battle, loyalty to his lord and peers, and courtesy verging on reverence toward women?

chivalry

What set of guidelines was imposed on all monasteries throughout Charlemagne's Frankish kingdom?

The Rule of Saint Benedict

In Charlemagne's ideal monastery, which of the following is the dining hall, where monks ate their meals?

refectory

What was one of the most important acts of Hilda, the abbess of Whitby?

She hosted a Council in an attempt to reconcile the Celtic and Latin factions of the Church of England.

The plainchant composed by Hildegard of Bingen is unique in that it __________.

used extremes of register to create "soaring arches" that she believed brought heaven and earth together

Who called for a complete survey of England - what would become the Domesday Book - so that he could more accurately determine how much tax he could raise to provide a new army?

William I of Normandy

Which of the following Romanesque architectural features were used in the Roman Empire and were designed to raise the worshipping pilgrims' eyes toward heaven?

barrel vaults

Which of the following events is documented in the Bayeux Tapestry?

Norman invasion of England in 1066

Which of the following architectural features in Romanesque churches refers to the space under the portal arch that was filled with sculptural relief?

tympanum

Who is the author of On the Misery of the Human Condition, whose message was adopted as official doctrine of the Western Catholic Church?

Pope Innocent III

A description of the torments of hell intended to strike terror into the soul of listeners is an example of __________.

memento mori, a reminder of death

Who introduced the idea of depicting notes on a staff of lines so that the same note always appears on the same line'resulting in the birth of modern musical notation?

Guido of Arezzo

What is the primogeniture system?

the system whereby the eldest son inherits all property

Which pope initiated the First Crusade?

Pope Urban II

What type of poet can be said to have "invented" romantic love as we know it today?

troubadours

Which of the following was considered the "spiritual center" of the cult of the Virgin during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries?

Chartres

Which relic caused throngs of pilgrims to visit Chartres Cathedral shortly after its construction?

the tunic Mary wore at Jesus' birth

Notre Dame cathedrals throughout France are dedicated to __________.

the Virgin Mary

How did architectural engineering impact the interior of Gothic cathedrals?

It freed the walls to contain stained glass.

What was indicative of the "new visual language" of Gothic sculpture?

Biblical figures were believable, individual bodies.

What is the architectural purpose of a flying buttress?

to spread the weight of the vaults over more supporting stone

The primary purpose of stained-glass programs in Gothic cathedrals was to __________.

tell Bible stories to an illiterate population

Which collection of musical works created by anonymous composers represents the beginning of the modern sense of "composition?"

Magnus Liber Organi

Which part of the Gothic motet generally maintained a traditional line based on ecclesiastical chant?

tenor

Where was the first institution of higher learning to call itself a "university" located?

Bologna

In the liberal arts curriculum of the Middle Ages the quadrivium and trivium subjects encompassed __________.

the mathematical and language arts

The Sorbonne was established to offer studies in __________.

theology

Teaching by creating a dialogue through question-and-answer is called __________.

the dialectical method

Why were women educated privately instead of through the new universities?

Women were not allowed to study at universities.

Which of the following was written by Trotula, a woman who served as chair of medicine at the university in Salerno in Southern Italy?

On the Diseases of Women

The brand of theological inquiry known as Scholasticism sought to __________.

reconcile pagan philosophy and Scripture

Scholasticists believed that __________.

there was not a conflict between faith and reason

Who wrote the Summa Theologica, an authoritative summary of all medieval knowledge on traditional subjects?

Aquinas

Which term refers to the increasingly flamboyant patterns of French Gothic cathedrals?

Radiant style

An illuminated miniature is a __________.

very small, highly detailed, hand-painted manuscript page

What political statement was intended by the design of the royal chapel of Sainte-Chapelle?

It was intended to connect Louis IX with Charlemagne.

What new model of government was celebrated in Ambrogio Lorenzetti's Allegory of Good Government?

free commune

In Florence and Siena, what took place whenever the city was threatened by war, flood, or plague?

The Madonna's image was carried through the streets in ceremonial procession.

What is a guild?

An association or group of people with like interests or skills

Who could serve in the government in medieval Florence?

guild members

What was the great innovation in Simone Martini's Maestà (or Virgin and Child), which once hung in the council chamber of Siena's Palazzo Pubblico?

its representation of the Virgin as Queen

The term Messiah means __________.

Anointed One

The oldest extant version of the Hebrew Scriptures is called __________.

The Dead Sea Scrolls

What are the Torah, Nevi'im, and Ketubim?

the Hebrew Scriptures

Which Jewish historian wrote Jewish War, outlining Jewish history from the rise of the Maccabees to the destruction of the temple and fall of Masada?

Josephus

Which of the following identifies the Jewish philosophical sect that included a group of Jews who lived at Qumran and are associated with the Dead Sea Scrolls?

Essenes

How did the Essenes differ from other Jewish sects?

They were very conservative, banning women from their community.

According to Josephus, a member of the philosophical sect known as the Sadducees would most likely__________.

be an aristocratic priest or high priest

Purity laws were created and enforced by __________.

individual Jewish sects against other Jewish sects

Which statement accurately describes the significance of the Second Temple of Jerusalem in the period of Herod's rule?

Its expansion during this period represented Herod's attempt to keep peace between the Jews and the Romans.

The term apostle means __________.

one who has been sent

The Romans crucified Jesus after his followers claimed that he was the Messiah, or Savior, which was considered a crime against the state because __________.

the emperor was considered to be the only divine human on earth

The term evangelist means __________.

bearer of good

The Christian "Old Testament" is comprised of __________.

the Torah, the Nevi'im, and the Ketubim

Which writer of Christian scriptures coined the name Christ?

Paul

Which of the following is a common representation of Christ in early Christian art?

The Good Shepherd

Which Christian symbol was adopted because its name (ichthys) is an acronym of "Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior" in Greek?

fish

The Nicene Creed emphasizes the universality of the Christian church by the word __________.

catholic

Constantine's capital Constantinople was founded on the site of the ancient Greek city of Byzantium and is now the present-day city of__________.

Istanbul

Jerome translated the Hebrew Bible and the Greek books of the New Testament into Latin, the version of the Bible known as the __________.

Vulgate

In what meter were the early Christian hymns written?

iambic tetrameter

What was Constantine's most important act regarding to Christianity?

calling an ecumenical council

Who served as bishop of Milan during the fourth century, wrote hymns, and introduced an antiphonal method of chanting?

Ambrose

In the typical early Christian church, by what name was the entrance hall known?

narthex

Which feature of the typical early Christian church housed the altar where the sacrament of the Holy Communion was performed?

apse

What was an early Roman church with a long nave and three shorter arms (apse and the arms of the transept) called?

a Latin cross basilica

Where did the Roman mystery cult of Mithras originate?

Persia

Who served as bishop of Hippo and wrote Confessions and The City of God?

Augustine

According to Augustine, history is a forward movement toward __________.

the Day of Judgment

The triangular curving vault sections that sit directly below the dome of Hagia Sophia are called __________.

pendentives

The name of Constantinople's ancient Christian site, Hagia Sophia, translates to Holy __________.

Wisdom

Which of the following rulers included a giant new Hagia Sophia in his massive campaign to rebuild Constantinople?

Justinian

In Byzantine practices, what is the function of the icon?

To aid contemplation and prayer

The most extensive examples of Byzantine architecture and art survive in __________.

Ravenna

Byzantine culture referred to Mary as Theotokos, reflecting their official Church view that __________.

Mary is the mother of God

St. Catherine's monastery at the foot of Mt. Sinai was believed to be the site of the burning bush, where tradition holds that God __________.

first addressed Moses and instructed him to go to Egypt