Studied by 6 peoplecarbohydrates monomer
simple sugar
protein monomer
amino acids
lipids monomer
fatty acids
nucleic acids monomer
nucleotides
carbohydrates function
short term energy
proteins function
carries out cellular processes
lipids function
long-term energy
nucleic acids function
stores genetic information
carbohydrates examples
bread, (sugars and starches)
proteins examples
meat, enzymes
lipids examples
oil, grease, butter
nucleic acids example
DNA, RNA
what is an enzyme
A molecule that acts as a catalyst and speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy
what biomolecule is in an enzyme
protein
what does a lock and key model represent
enzyme and substrate
lock-? key-?
lock-enzyme, key-substrate
Prokaryotic cells
smaller, free floating DNA, no nucleus
Eukaryotic cells
larger, DNA in nucleus, has a nucleus
both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have...
cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA
Bacteria and Archaea
Prokaryotic
plants and animals
Eukaryotic
virus
non-living
cell membrane
A cell structure surrounding the cytoplasm that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
phospholipid bilayer
a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane
hydrophilic
water loving
Hydrophobic
water hating
channel proteins
proteins in the cell membrane that help transport molecules
components of a virus
genetic material, capsid, protein coat
lytic
fast, uses host cell, burst cell open
lysogenic
slow, insert genetic material in host cells, ready to burst
steps of lysogenic cycle
attach 2. insert genetic material into host cell 3. hide genetic material in host cell 4. hybrid genome 5. exit cell when ready to burst
steps of lytic cycle
attach 2. use host cell's machinery to replicate 3. replicates until cell bursts
what do viruses need to reproduce and why
host cell, because they don't have what they need to reproduce
why are viruses nonliving
They are missing the 7 characteristics of life
active transport
Energy-requiring process when molecules move from !!LOW TO HIGH!!
simple diffusion
HIGH TO LOW concentration until equilibrium
examples of simple diffusion
food coloring spreading out in water, osmosis
osmosis
movement of water from HIGH TO LOW concentration
example of osmosis
cucumber in water or salt
what does it mean if a solution is hypotonic
more water outside
what happens to hypotonic solutions
cells swell and burst
what does it mean if a solution is isotonic
same amount of water outside and inside
What happens in a isotonic solution?
nothing because it's already in equilibrium
what does it mean if a solution is hypertonic
more sugar on the outside
what happens in a hypertonic solution
the cells shrivel up
chargaf's rule
rule that A=T G=C
GAT CTA GCA
CUA GAU CGU
G+C
100
How are the 2 strands of DNA held together?
hydrogen bonds
examples of things with a common genetic code
Bacteria, Fungi, Plants and Animals all have DNA as genetic material
shape of DNA
double helix
components of a nucleotide
sugar + phosphate group(same) + nitrogenous base(different)
why is DNA called the blueprint of life
DNA codes for characteristics, DNA codes for proteins, DNA is passed through generations
DNA structure
double
DNA bases
A,T,G,C
DNA base pairs
A=T G=C
DNA location
nucleus
RNA structure
single
RNA bases
A, U, C, G
RNA base pairs
A=U, G=C
RNA location
cytoplasm and nucleus
DNA replication
the process of making a copy of DNA
DNA replication template
DNA
DNA replication product
DNA
how is a new strand of DNA created?
DNA polymerase makes more DNA, after the helicase unzips the DNA
Steps of replication
Helicase unzips DNA 2. primers added to DNA(primase) 3. bases are added, creating new strand(DNA Polymerase) 4. Parent and new strand are bonded together
Nitrogenous base
A molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes genetic information in cells.
Cell Division
Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
purpose of cell division
it allows for growth, and replaces old cells with new ones
Cell Cycle in order
G1, S phase, G2, Mitosis
G1 phase
stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions
S Phase
The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
G2 phase
The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.
Mitosis
a part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.
interphase
G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase
Stages of mitosis in order
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
Prophase (mitosis)
(First Stage) chromosomes condense and centrosomes move to opposite sides of the nucleus
Metaphase (mitosis)
(2nd Stage) Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase (Mitosis)
(3rd Stage) sister chromatids are pulled apart
Telophase (mitosis)
the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.
Cytokinesis (mitosis)
the process that forms two separate daughter cells
cancer
uncontrollable cell division - creates a cellular mass - tumor
mitotic process
2n - 4n - 2n & 2n
meiosis process
2n - 4n - 2n & 2n - n & n & n & n
somatic cells
body cells
codon
a group of 3 base pears
transcription
process of creating mRNA from DNA
transcription template
DNA
translation
creating proteins from tRNA
translation template
tRNA
model of replication
DNA REPLICATION IS SEMI CONSERVATIVE
model of transcription
model of translation
how are genes expressed through DNA
through transcription and translation
meiosis in terms of 2n
2n -> (n) x 4
gametes
haploid sex cells
haploid meaning
one set of DNA
process of meiosis
meiosis starts with one diploid (2n) cell and ends with 4 haploid (n) cells after 2 rounds of PMAT
crossing over
homologous chromosomes exchange DNA (ONLY IN MEIOSIS)
When does crossing over occur
prophase 1
Note
Flashcard