Biology Final Review

carbohydrates monomer

simple sugar

protein monomer

amino acids

lipids monomer

fatty acids

nucleic acids monomer

nucleotides

carbohydrates function

short term energy

proteins function

carries out cellular processes

lipids function

long-term energy

nucleic acids function

stores genetic information

carbohydrates examples

bread, (sugars and starches)

proteins examples

meat, enzymes

lipids examples

oil, grease, butter

nucleic acids example

DNA, RNA

what is an enzyme

A molecule that acts as a catalyst and speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy

what biomolecule is in an enzyme

protein

what does a lock and key model represent

enzyme and substrate

lock-? key-?

lock-enzyme, key-substrate

Prokaryotic cells

smaller, free floating DNA, no nucleus

Eukaryotic cells

larger, DNA in nucleus, has a nucleus

both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have...

cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA

Bacteria and Archaea

Prokaryotic

plants and animals

Eukaryotic

virus

non-living

cell membrane

A cell structure surrounding the cytoplasm that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

phospholipid bilayer

a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane

hydrophilic

water loving

Hydrophobic

water hating

channel proteins

proteins in the cell membrane that help transport molecules

components of a virus

genetic material, capsid, protein coat

lytic

fast, uses host cell, burst cell open

lysogenic

slow, insert genetic material in host cells, ready to burst

steps of lysogenic cycle

1. attach 2. insert genetic material into host cell 3. hide genetic material in host cell 4. hybrid genome 5. exit cell when ready to burst

steps of lytic cycle

1. attach 2. use host cell's machinery to replicate 3. replicates until cell bursts

what do viruses need to reproduce and why

host cell, because they don't have what they need to reproduce

why are viruses nonliving

They are missing the 7 characteristics of life

active transport

Energy-requiring process when molecules move from !!LOW TO HIGH!!

simple diffusion

HIGH TO LOW concentration until equilibrium

examples of simple diffusion

food coloring spreading out in water, osmosis

osmosis

movement of water from HIGH TO LOW concentration

example of osmosis

cucumber in water or salt

what does it mean if a solution is hypotonic

more water outside

what happens to hypotonic solutions

cells swell and burst

what does it mean if a solution is isotonic

same amount of water outside and inside

What happens in a isotonic solution?

nothing because it's already in equilibrium

what does it mean if a solution is hypertonic

more sugar on the outside

what happens in a hypertonic solution

the cells shrivel up

chargaf's rule

rule that A=T G=C

GAT CTA GCA

CUA GAU CGU

G+C

100

How are the 2 strands of DNA held together?

hydrogen bonds

examples of things with a common genetic code

Bacteria, Fungi, Plants and Animals all have DNA as genetic material

shape of DNA

double helix

components of a nucleotide

sugar + phosphate group(same) + nitrogenous base(different)

why is DNA called the blueprint of life

DNA codes for characteristics, DNA codes for proteins, DNA is passed through generations

DNA structure

double

DNA bases

A,T,G,C

DNA base pairs

A=T G=C

DNA location

nucleus

RNA structure

single

RNA bases

A, U, C, G

RNA base pairs

A=U, G=C

RNA location

cytoplasm and nucleus

DNA replication

the process of making a copy of DNA

DNA replication template

DNA

DNA replication product

DNA

how is a new strand of DNA created?

DNA polymerase makes more DNA, after the helicase unzips the DNA

Steps of replication

1. Helicase unzips DNA 2. primers added to DNA(primase) 3. bases are added, creating new strand(DNA Polymerase) 4. Parent and new strand are bonded together

Nitrogenous base

A molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes genetic information in cells.

Cell Division

Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

purpose of cell division

it allows for growth, and replaces old cells with new ones

Cell Cycle in order

G1, S phase, G2, Mitosis

G1 phase

stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions

S Phase

The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.

G2 phase

The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.

Mitosis

a part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.

interphase

G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase

Stages of mitosis in order

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Prophase (mitosis)

(First Stage) chromosomes condense and centrosomes move to opposite sides of the nucleus

Metaphase (mitosis)

(2nd Stage) Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase (Mitosis)

(3rd Stage) sister chromatids are pulled apart

Telophase (mitosis)

the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.

Cytokinesis (mitosis)

the process that forms two separate daughter cells

cancer

uncontrollable cell division - creates a cellular mass - tumor

mitotic process

2n - 4n - 2n & 2n

meiosis process

2n - 4n - 2n & 2n - n & n & n & n

somatic cells

body cells

codon

a group of 3 base pears

transcription

process of creating mRNA from DNA

transcription template

DNA

translation

creating proteins from tRNA

translation template

tRNA

model of replication

DNA REPLICATION IS SEMI CONSERVATIVE

model of transcription

model of translation

how are genes expressed through DNA

through transcription and translation

meiosis in terms of 2n

2n -\> (n) x 4

gametes

haploid sex cells

haploid meaning

one set of DNA

process of meiosis

meiosis starts with one diploid (2n) cell and ends with 4 haploid (n) cells after 2 rounds of PMAT

crossing over

homologous chromosomes exchange DNA (ONLY IN MEIOSIS)

When does crossing over occur

prophase 1