HDD SAC 7

UN (United Nations) SDGS

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 global goals adopted by all UN member states in 2015. They provide a shared global framework for countries to work towards improving health and human development by 2030.

SDGS (Sustainable Development Goals)

The SDGs are 17 global goals developed by the UN in 2015 to address major global social, economic and environmental issues and achieve sustainable development by 2030. They were developed to build on the MDGs and provide a global framework for action to improve health and human development and reduce inequalities.

SDGS (Improve Global Health)

Several SDGs directly target factors that influence health. SDG 3 – Good Health and Wellbeing aims to ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for people of all ages. Other SDGs also support health, such as SDG 2 – Zero Hunger, SDG 6 – Clean Water and Sanitation and SDG 13 – Climate Action.

This demonstrates the interrelationship between health and human development, because improving living conditions can contribute to better health outcomes.

SDGS Adress Inequalities

The SDGs aim to reduce inequalities within and between countries. This is important because health and human development are not experienced equally around the world. People experiencing poverty or discrimination may have less access to healthcare, education, nutritious food, clean water and other resources.

Therefore, achieving the SDGs can help improve equity and access to resources, contributing to improved health and human development.

SDGS (Address the social determinants of health)

The SDGs address many social determinants of health, including:

• education

• income

• employment

• housing

• food security

• access to healthcare

• clean water and sanitation

• gender equality.

VCE Answer response about UNS SDGS

The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are important for global health and human development because they provide a global framework for action to address key social, economic and environmental issues by 2030. The 17 SDGs recognise that health and human development are interrelated, as factors such as poverty, education, gender equality, food security and access to clean water can influence health and wellbeing. For example, SDG 3 – Good Health and Wellbeing aims to promote healthy lives and wellbeing, while SDG 6 – Clean Water and Sanitation can reduce the spread of disease by improving access to safe water and sanitation. The SDGs also aim to reduce inequalities by improving access to resources and opportunities for disadvantaged populations. Furthermore, the goals promote sustainable development, ensuring that current development does not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Overall, the SDGs are important because they provide countries with shared goals, targets and indicators to guide action, monitor progress and improve health and human development globally.

Outcomes and Targets of SDGS

Outcome targets are targets that describe the desired improvements in health and wellbeing and human development that should occur as a result of achieving the SDGs.

• Reduce maternal mortality

• Reduce deaths of newborns and children under five

• End epidemics such as AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria

• Reduce premature deaths from non-communicable diseases

• Achieve universal health coverage

Action targets are targets that identify the actions that need to be taken to achieve the desired outcomes in health and wellbeing and human development.

• Increase access to essential healthcare services

• Improve access to safe and affordable drinking water

• Improve sanitation and hygiene

• Increase access to vaccines and medicines

• Strengthen healthcare systems and health workers

• Increase investment in health promotion and disease prevention

Defintion of SDGS

The 17 global goals developed by the United Nations (UN) in 2015 to address major social, economic and environmental issues and achieve sustainable development by 2030.

They aim to improve health and wellbeing and human development globally, while ensuring that development is sustainable for future generations.

SDG 3 (Good Health & Wellbeing)

Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages.

• Reducing maternal mortality

• Ending preventable deaths of newborns and children under five

• Ending epidemics such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria

• Reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases

• Promoting mental health and wellbeing

• Preventing and treating substance abuse

• Reducing deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents

• Providing universal health coverage

• Improving access to safe, effective and affordable medicines and vaccines

• Increasing access to sexual and reproductive healthcare

• Strengthening health systems and the health workforce

SDG 3 does not operate independently. Improvements in other SDGs can contribute to improved health and wellbeing, while improved health can also help countries achieve other SDGs.

SDG 1 No Poverty (relationship with SDG 3)

End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

Poverty can negatively affect health because people experiencing poverty may have reduced access to:

• healthcare

• nutritious food

• safe housing

• clean water and sanitation

• education.

Reducing poverty can therefore improve access to resources that support good health.

Reducing poverty can increase people’s ability to access nutritious food and healthcare, helping reduce illness and improve health and wellbeing.

SDG 3 → SDG 1:
Good health can also help people participate in education and employment, increasing their ability to earn an income and escape poverty.

SDG 2 Zero Hunger (relationship with SDG 3)

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.

Relationship with SDG 3

There is a strong relationship between nutrition and health.

Poor nutrition can contribute to:

• malnutrition

• impaired growth and development

• weakened immunity

• increased risk of disease.

Improving food security and nutrition can therefore contribute to achieving SDG 3.

Example:

Improving access to nutritious food can reduce malnutrition and strengthen immunity, contributing to improved health and wellbeing.

SDG 3 → SDG 2:
Healthy people are more able to attend school, work and participate in agricultural activities, which can support food security and economic development.

SDG 4 Quality Education (relationship with SDG 3)

Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

Relationship with SDG 3

Education can improve health literacy and knowledge about:

• disease prevention

• nutrition

• hygiene

• contraception

• sexual health

• healthy behaviours.

This can help people make informed decisions that improve their health.

Example:

Increasing access to education can improve health knowledge and literacy, enabling individuals to make informed decisions about disease prevention and healthy behaviours.

SDG 3 → SDG 4:
Children who are healthy are more likely to attend school and participate effectively in education.

SDG 5 Gender Equality (relationship with SDG 3)

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

Relationship with SDG 3

Gender inequality can negatively affect health, particularly for women and girls through:

• limited access to healthcare

• limited decision-making power

• gender-based violence

• limited access to education

• limited access to sexual and reproductive healthcare.

Improving gender equality can therefore improve women’s health and wellbeing.

Example:

Promoting gender equality can increase women’s access to education, healthcare and reproductive health services, contributing to improved health and wellbeing.

SDG 3 → SDG 5:
Improved maternal and reproductive health can allow women and girls to participate more fully in education, employment and society.

SDG 6 Clean Water and Sanitation (relationship with SDG 3)

Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

Relationship with SDG 3

This has a very direct relationship with health.

Unsafe water and poor sanitation can contribute to the spread of infectious diseases.

Improving access to:

• safe drinking water

• toilets

• sanitation

• hygiene

can reduce disease and improve health.

Example:

Increasing access to safe drinking water and sanitation reduces exposure to pathogens and can decrease the transmission of infectious diseases, contributing to improved health and wellbeing.

SDG 3 → SDG 6:
Healthy communities are better able to participate in education, employment and community development, which can support improvements in water and sanitation infrastructure.

SDG 12 Responsible Consumption and Production (relationship with SDG 3)

Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

Relationship with SDG 3

The way resources are produced and consumed can affect health through:

• pollution

• waste

• exposure to hazardous chemicals

• food production

• environmental degradation.

More responsible consumption and production can reduce environmental risks that negatively affect health.

Example:

Responsible production can reduce pollution and exposure to hazardous substances, helping prevent disease and improve health and wellbeing.

SDG 3 → SDG 12:
Healthy and educated populations are more likely to have the knowledge and capacity to make informed and sustainable consumption choices.

Consolidation Guide

SDG	Relationship with SDG 3
SDG 1 – No Poverty	Reducing poverty improves access to healthcare, food, housing and other resources that support health.
SDG 2 – Zero Hunger	Improved food security and nutrition reduce malnutrition and improve health.
SDG 4 – Quality Education	Education improves health literacy and knowledge of healthy behaviours and disease prevention.
SDG 5 – Gender Equality	Gender equality improves access to healthcare, education and reproductive health services.
SDG 6 – Clean Water and Sanitation	Safe water, sanitation and hygiene reduce infectious diseases.
SDG 12 – Responsible Consumption and Production	Sustainable production reduces pollution and environmental risks that can harm health.

Sample Answer of SDGS

SDG 3 is closely related to other SDGs because health and human development are influenced by a range of social, economic and environmental factors. For example, SDG 1 – No Poverty can contribute to SDG 3 because reducing poverty can improve access to healthcare, nutritious food and safe housing, which can improve health and wellbeing. SDG 2 – Zero Hunger can also contribute to SDG 3 because improved food security and nutrition can reduce malnutrition and strengthen immunity. SDG 4 – Quality Education can improve health literacy, enabling individuals to make informed decisions about disease prevention and healthy behaviours. Furthermore, SDG 6 – Clean Water and Sanitation has a direct relationship with SDG 3, as access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene can reduce the spread of infectious diseases. Therefore, achieving SDG 3 relies on progress in other SDGs, demonstrating the interrelationship between health, human development and social, economic and environmental factors.

WHO (world health organisation)

World Health Organization (WHO):

The WHO is a specialised agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.

It was established in 1948 and works with countries and other organisations to promote health, prevent disease and improve health outcomes globally.

Goal of the WHO

To promote health, keep the world safe and serve the vulnerable, so everyone, everywhere can attain the highest possible level of health.

What does this mean?

The WHO aims to ensure that all people, regardless of where they live or their circumstances, have the opportunity to achieve a high level of health.

This links strongly to health as a fundamental human right and the concept of equity.

Objective of the WHO

🏥 1. Promote health

The WHO works to improve health and wellbeing globally through health promotion, disease prevention and education.

🦠 2. Prevent and control disease

It works with countries to prevent and control communicable and non-communicable diseases, including responding to disease outbreaks and health emergencies.

🌍 3. Improve global health

The WHO supports countries to strengthen their health systems and improve access to quality healthcare.

⚖ 4. Reduce health inequalities

The WHO aims to improve health for all people, particularly vulnerable and disadvantaged populations, helping to promote equity.

🚨 5. Respond to health emergencies

The WHO coordinates international responses to health emergencies and disease outbreaks, helping countries prepare for and respond to threats.

💉 6. Support access to healthcare

The WHO works towards universal health coverage, where people can access the healthcare they need without experiencing financial hardship.

How to Analyse the WHO Scenarios

Scenario 1 — Disease outbreak

The WHO provides countries with guidance and coordinates an international response to an infectious disease outbreak.

Analysis:

This reflects the WHO’s objective of preventing and controlling disease because coordinating international action can help countries respond effectively to the outbreak. This can reduce disease transmission and deaths, contributing to improved health and wellbeing globally.

Scenario 2 — Vaccination program

The WHO supports countries to increase access to vaccines.

Analysis:

This reflects the WHO’s goal of promoting health and its objective of preventing disease. Increasing access to vaccines can reduce the incidence of infectious diseases, particularly among vulnerable populations, contributing to improved health and greater equity.

Scenario 3 — Improving healthcare access

The WHO supports a low-income country to strengthen its healthcare system.

Analysis:

This reflects the WHO’s objective of improving access to healthcare and working towards universal health coverage. Strengthening the health system can increase access to essential healthcare services, particularly for disadvantaged populations, helping them achieve a higher level of health.

Scenario 4 — Health education

The WHO develops resources to educate communities about healthy behaviours.

Analysis:

This reflects the WHO’s objective of promoting health. Providing health information can improve people’s knowledge and encourage healthy behaviours, which can help prevent disease and improve health and wellbeing.

Key distinction to remember

WHO = organisation

Goal = what the WHO ultimately wants to achieve

Objectives = what the WHO does to achieve its goal

Easy memory sentence:

The WHO aims to promote health globally, prevent and control disease, strengthen health systems, respond to health emergencies, improve access to healthcare and reduce health inequalities.

⭐ VCE exam formula

When given a WHO scenario, use:

WHO action → WHO objective → health impact → global health

For example:

The WHO provides vaccines → prevents disease → reduces illness and deaths → improves global health and wellbeing.

Aid defintion

Assistance provided to countries or communities experiencing disadvantage, poverty, conflict or disaster, with the aim of improving health and wellbeing, human development and living conditions.

Aid can provide short-term humanitarian assistance or support long-term development.

Humanitarian assistance

Aid provided to people experiencing an emergency or crisis, such as natural disasters, conflict, famine or disease outbreaks.

Purpose

To meet people’s immediate needs and prevent loss of life.

Examples:

• food

• clean water

• emergency shelter

• medical supplies

• sanitation

• emergency healthcare.

Bilateral Aid

Aid provided directly from one country to another country.

For example:

Australia provides funding directly to a developing country to improve access to clean water.

Characteristics

• Government-to-government

• Usually involves two countries

• Can be financial, technical or material

• Donor country may have specific priorities for how the aid is used.

Advantages

• Can be targeted towards the specific needs of the recipient country.

• Donor can work directly with the recipient government.

• Can support long-term development projects.

Limitations

• Donor country may attach conditions to the aid.

• Aid may reflect the donor country’s political or economic interests.

• If poorly planned, projects may not address the community’s actual needs.

Multilateral Aid

Aid provided through an international organisation, where contributions from multiple countries are pooled and distributed to countries or communities in need.

Examples of organisations involved include the United Nations and World Bank.

Characteristics

• Involves multiple countries

• Funding is pooled

• International organisations coordinate distribution

• Can address large-scale global issues.

Advantages

• Can coordinate resources from many countries.

• Can address large-scale global problems.

• International organisations can have specialist knowledge and expertise.

• Can reduce duplication between individual aid programs.

Limitations

• Decision-making can be slower because multiple countries and organisations are involved.

• Administration can be complex.

• Funding may not always reach those most in need quickly.

Aid provided by NGOS (non government organisations)

Assistance provided by non-profit organisations that operate independently of governments, often working directly with communities or through local organisations.

Examples include organisations that provide:

• food and water

• medical care

• education

• sanitation

• housing

• disaster relief

• maternal and child health programs.

Characteristics

• Usually not-for-profit

• Often funded through donations and fundraising

• Can work directly with local communities

• May specialise in particular issues, such as health, food security or education.

Advantages

• Often have strong knowledge of local community needs.

• Can respond quickly to emergencies.

• Community involvement can improve the sustainability of programs.

• Can reach vulnerable groups that governments may struggle to reach.

Limitations

• Funding can be unpredictable.

• Some NGOs have limited resources.

• Programs may be small-scale.

• Effectiveness can depend on the NGO’s expertise and the local situation.

How aid achieves the VCE outcomes

Aid can contribute to four major areas:

🆘 Humanitarian assistance

Provides immediate support during emergencies.

Example:
Food, water and medical supplies after an earthquake.

Impact:
Reduces suffering and prevents deaths.

💰 Reducing poverty

Aid can improve people’s access to resources and opportunities.

Example:
Providing funding for education, employment programs or infrastructure.

Impact:
Can increase income and employment opportunities, helping people move out of poverty.

📈 Improving human development

Aid can improve the conditions that allow people to develop their capabilities.

Example:
Building schools and improving access to education.

Impact:
Can increase education levels, knowledge and opportunities, contributing to improved human development.

❤ Promoting health

Aid can address factors that influence health.

Example:
Providing clean water, sanitation and healthcare.

Impact:
Can reduce infectious disease and improve health status.

evaluating effectiveness of aid

For an evaluate question, don’t simply say one type is “good” and another is “bad”. Discuss strengths AND limitations, then make a judgement.

Bilateral aid

Effective when:
It is targeted to the recipient country’s specific needs and involves cooperation with the local government.

Less effective when:
The donor imposes conditions or prioritises its own interests rather than the needs of the population.

Multilateral aid

Effective when:
Large amounts of resources and expertise are needed to address a global or large-scale problem.

Less effective when:
International decision-making and administration delay the delivery of assistance.

NGO aid

Effective when:
The NGO works closely with local communities and understands their needs, increasing the likelihood that programs are appropriate and sustainable.

Less effective when:
The NGO has limited funding, resources or knowledge of the local context.

High mark VCE evaluation example

The effectiveness of aid depends on the type of aid, the needs of the population and how the aid is delivered. Bilateral aid can be effective because it allows one country to directly target the needs of another country; however, it may be influenced by the donor’s political or economic interests. Multilateral aid can be effective for addressing large-scale global issues because resources from multiple countries can be combined and coordinated by international organisations, although decision-making can be complex. NGO aid can be particularly effective at a community level because NGOs may have strong knowledge of local needs and can involve communities in programs. However, NGOs may have limited and unpredictable funding. Overall, aid is most effective when it is needs-based, sustainable, culturally appropriate, involves local communities and strengthens local capacity, rather than creating dependence on external assistance.

Memorisation Table

Type	Definition	Main strength	Main limitation
Bilateral	One country → another country	Can be targeted	Donor interests/conditions
Multilateral	Multiple countries → international organisation → recipient	Large-scale coordination	Can be slow/complex
NGO	Non-government organisation → communities/countries	Local knowledge & community involvement	Limited/unpredictable funding

Australias aid program defintion

Australia’s official development assistance (ODA) provided to developing countries to promote economic development and welfare, reduce poverty and contribute to improved health, wellbeing and human development.

Australia’s aid program is managed by the Australian Government, primarily through the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT).

What is the role of australia’s aid program

Australia’s aid program aims to support developing countries, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region, by addressing issues such as:

• poverty

• health

• education

• gender equality

• climate change

• food and water security

• economic development

• governance and stability.

The program contributes to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

how does austrials aid program support the SDGS

Australia’s aid program supports the SDGs by funding and supporting programs that address the social, economic and environmental factors that influence health and human development.

🏥 Health — SDG 3

Australia can support:

• healthcare systems

• maternal and child health

• disease prevention

• vaccination

• sexual and reproductive health

• health workforce development.

Link:

Improving access to healthcare can prevent disease and reduce deaths, contributing to SDG 3 – Good Health and Wellbeing.

💰 Poverty — SDG 1

Australia supports programs that improve:

• employment

• economic opportunities

• livelihoods

• financial inclusion.

Link:

Increasing employment and economic opportunities can help people increase their incomes and move out of poverty, contributing to SDG 1 – No Poverty.

🍎 Food security — SDG 2

Australia supports agricultural development and food security.

Link:

Improving food production and access to nutritious food can reduce hunger and malnutrition, contributing to SDG 2 – Zero Hunger.

🎓 Education — SDG 4

Australia provides assistance to improve access to and quality of education.

Link:

Increasing access to quality education can improve knowledge, skills and future employment opportunities, contributing to SDG 4 – Quality Education.

👩 Gender equality — SDG 5

Australia supports programs that promote women’s participation and opportunities.

Link:

Increasing women’s access to education, employment and decision-making can improve their empowerment and opportunities, contributing to SDG 5 – Gender Equality.

💧 Water and sanitation — SDG 6

Aid can support access to:

• clean drinking water

• sanitation

• hygiene.

Link:

Improving access to safe water and sanitation can reduce infectious disease and improve health and wellbeing, contributing to SDG 6 – Clean Water and Sanitation and SDG 3.

partnerships involved in australia's aid program

Australia does not work alone to deliver its aid.

Partnership definition

Partnership:

A collaborative relationship between two or more organisations, governments or groups that work together towards a shared goal.

Australia works with:

• partner governments

• multilateral organisations, such as UN agencies

• non-government organisations (NGOs)

• private sector organisations

• local communities

• international organisations

• development banks and other development partners.

This means Australia’s aid can involve government-to-government partnerships as well as partnerships with international and community organisations.

why is aid delivered through partnerships

This is an important JUSTIFY question.

① Partnerships provide local knowledge

Partner governments and local organisations understand the needs, culture and circumstances of their communities.

Therefore, programs can be designed to be more appropriate and relevant.

This increases the likelihood that aid will effectively address the actual needs of the population.

② Partnerships provide expertise

Different organisations have different areas of expertise.

For example:

• health organisations → healthcare expertise

• NGOs → community knowledge

• governments → policy and infrastructure

• international organisations → global expertise and coordination.

Combining expertise can improve the quality and effectiveness of aid programs.

③ Partnerships increase resources

Working with other organisations allows Australia to combine financial, human and technical resources.

This can allow larger or more complex development problems to be addressed than Australia could address alone.

④ Partnerships improve sustainability

Working with local governments and communities can help build local capacity.

Capacity building:

Developing the skills, knowledge, resources and systems of individuals, organisations or communities so they can address issues themselves.

This means communities are more likely to continue a program after Australian funding finishes.

Therefore, partnerships can make aid more sustainable and reduce long-term dependence on external assistance.

⑤ Partnerships can reduce duplication

If different organisations work together, they can coordinate their activities rather than several organisations providing the same assistance.

This can make aid more efficient and ensure resources are directed towards areas of greatest need.

VCE discuss answer

Australia’s aid program supports the achievement of the SDGs by providing assistance to developing countries in areas such as health, education, poverty reduction, gender equality, food security and water and sanitation. For example, investment in healthcare can contribute to SDG 3 – Good Health and Wellbeing, while support for education contributes to SDG 4 – Quality Education. Australia’s aid program also works through partnerships with partner governments, NGOs, multilateral organisations, private sector organisations and local communities. These partnerships allow Australia to combine resources and expertise and ensure programs are appropriate to local needs. Therefore, Australia’s aid program contributes to the achievement of the SDGs by addressing the social, economic and environmental factors that influence health and human development.

VCE justify answer

Australia’s aid program is delivered through partnerships because partnerships allow Australia to combine its financial resources, knowledge and expertise with the local knowledge and expertise of partner governments and organisations. This can ensure that aid programs are appropriate to local needs and culturally relevant. Partnerships can also build the capacity of local communities and organisations, making programs more sustainable after Australian funding ends. Therefore, delivering aid through partnerships can increase the effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability of Australia’s aid and improve its contribution to achieving the SDGs.

effective aid programs

An aid program that successfully achieves its intended outcomes and contributes to improvements in health, wellbeing and human development.

For VCE, remember these key characteristics:

① Addresses the needs of the population

Aid should respond to the actual needs and priorities of the community.

Example:
Providing clean water and sanitation in a community where waterborne diseases are common.

➡ More likely to improve health because it addresses an important local issue.

② Involves local communities

Communities should be involved in planning, implementing and evaluating programs.

➡ This ensures programs are culturally appropriate and meet local needs.

③ Builds capacity

Capacity building:

Developing the skills, knowledge, resources and abilities of individuals, organisations and communities so they can address issues themselves.

Example: Training local healthcare workers rather than relying entirely on foreign healthcare workers.

➡ Increases the ability of the community to continue the program in the future.

④ Is sustainable

Sustainable aid:

Aid that can continue to provide benefits over the long term without creating dependence or damaging the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

➡ Sustainable programs are more likely to produce long-term improvements in health and human development.

⑤ Uses resources effectively

Aid should be used efficiently, with resources directed towards areas where they can have the greatest impact.

➡ Reduces waste and maximises the benefits of the program.

⑥ Promotes equity

Aid should prioritise people experiencing disadvantage and vulnerability.

➡ This can reduce inequalities in access to resources and opportunities.

evaluating the effectiveness of aid programs

When you see “evaluate”, you need to discuss strengths AND limitations and then make an overall judgement.

Questions to ask:

Did the aid:

• achieve its intended outcomes?

• improve health and wellbeing?

• reduce poverty?

• improve human development?

• reach the people who needed it?

• involve the local community?

• build capacity?

• continue after funding ended?

• use resources efficiently?

• reduce inequalities?

example evaluation

An aid program that provides clean water and sanitation may be effective because it can reduce exposure to pathogens and therefore decrease the incidence of infectious diseases. If the program also trains local community members to maintain the water infrastructure, it can build capacity and increase sustainability. However, if the infrastructure is not maintained after external funding ends, the benefits may not continue. Therefore, the effectiveness of the program depends on whether it produces long-term, sustainable improvements rather than only short-term benefits.

individual action

Actions undertaken by an individual to contribute to improving health and human development.

Examples include:

• donating money to an aid organisation

• volunteering

• fundraising

• purchasing ethically produced products

• reducing consumption and waste

• conserving water and energy

• educating yourself about global health issues

• raising awareness through social media

• participating in community events.

Example

An individual could participate in a fundraising event for an organisation providing clean water in developing communities.

This can contribute to health by helping provide access to safe water and sanitation.

social action

Collective action undertaken by individuals or groups to influence or create change that promotes health and human development.

The key word is collective — you’re working with other people to create change.

Examples:

• community fundraising

• petitions

• awareness campaigns

• advocacy

• volunteering as a group

• supporting NGOs

• participating in community projects

• campaigning for government action

• contacting politicians

• joining school or community groups.

Ways individuals can engage with communities and organisations

🌍 Engage with communities

Individuals can:

• volunteer in local community programs

• participate in fundraising

• support community health initiatives

• educate others

• organise awareness campaigns

• participate in environmental projects.

🤝 Engage with national organisations

Individuals can:

• donate to Australian NGOs

• volunteer

• participate in fundraising campaigns

• sign petitions

• contact government representatives

• support national health campaigns.

🌎 Engage with international organisations

Individuals can:

• donate to international aid organisations

• participate in global fundraising campaigns

• volunteer

• raise awareness about global health issues

• support campaigns run by international organisations.

individual vs social action

Individual action	Social action
One person’s actions	Collective action
Donating money	Group fundraising
Choosing sustainable products	Community sustainability campaign
Sharing information	Organising an awareness campaign
Volunteering	Group volunteering
Signing a petition	Organising a petition/campaign

discuss question sample

Discuss ways of taking individual and social action to promote health and human development.”

Individuals can promote health and human development by donating to aid organisations, volunteering, fundraising, making sustainable consumption choices and raising awareness of global health issues. For example, donating to an organisation that provides clean water can contribute to improved health by reducing exposure to waterborne diseases. Individuals can also participate in social action, such as organising community fundraising campaigns, signing petitions and advocating for government action. Social action can be particularly effective because it combines the efforts of many individuals and can increase awareness and influence decision-makers. Therefore, both individual and social action can contribute to improved health and human development, with collective action potentially having a greater impact because it can mobilise more resources and influence broader change.

VCE memory chain

Effective aid:

Needs-based → community involvement → capacity building → sustainable → equitable → effective

Individual action:

Donate → volunteer → fundraise → educate → sustainable choices

Social action:

Campaign → advocate → petition → organise → influence governments/organisations

For “evaluate”:

Strength + limitation + judgement

For “discuss”:

Different ways + explanation + impact on health/human development

four features of effective aid - FOMI - F → focused on achieving the right outcomes

• aims to reduce poverty, inequality and improve health and human development → addresses underlying causes of poor wellbeing and so produces the greatest outcomes

• targets patterns of diseases and illness in the community that need to be addressed → since the program is targeting an issue present in the community, any interventions is likely to provide positive outcomes

• programs should be free or low cost → ensure acccess for the most disadvantaged therefor people will participate

• focus on women → empowers change makers and plovers interventional benefits

• focus on education → therefor when the aid supports stops, the effects of the program with continue in the community

four features of effective aid - FOMI - O → ownership by the recipient country

• aid must reflect the priorities of the recipient country not donor preferences → ensures relevance and greater local engagement

• programs should consider culture, religion, politics and gender roles, programme must be implemented in a sociocuktruallt sensitive way → increases acceptance and participation

• messages should be delivered using local language and visual aids → makes programs inclusive, especially non literate populations

feautures of effective aid → FOMI → M → monitoring and evaluation

• tracks whether funding is used correctly → ensure accountability

• evaluation measures whether objectives are met → allows improvements to be made

• demonstrates impact in health and human development —> ensures program remains effective and relevant

features of effective aid → FOMI → I → involves partnerships and collaboration

• involve local communities, governments, NGOS, multicultural agencies → brings diverse strengths and resources

• local communities need to have into the design and implementation of the program → input to sure the program is community owned and sociocukturallt appropriate

• training locals develops knowledge, skills and leadership → program continues when external aid ends