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Testosterone
anabolic growth, sperm production, secondary sex characteristics
Melatonin
partial control of seasonal reproductuve patterns
Progesterone
maintains pregnancy, mammary development
Oxytocin
gamete transport, uterine contraction, milk let down
Estrogen
mating behavior, uterine growth, secondary sex characteristics
Prostaglandin F2g
regression of corpus luteum, uterine contraction, ovulation
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
ovulation, corpus luteum formation, progesterone production
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
development of follicle, estrogen synthesis, sperm production
The estrous cycle is…
a predictable pattern of events that allow for multiple opportunities for pregnancy
Polyestrous
consistent throughout year
Which livestock are known to be polyestrous?
cattle and swine
Seasonally polyestrous
consistent through specific seasons
These livestock are seasonally polyestrous…
sheep, goats, horses
Monoestrus
one or two cycles per year
This animal is monoestrus…
dog
What does the anterior pituitary do?
tells the Leydig cells in the testicles to produce testosterone
What does the hypothalamus do?
sends factors through the blood vessels that affects the anterior pituitary’s production of FSH and LH
What makes up the follicular phase?
proestrus and estrus
Proestrus follicles…
form and produce estrogen
Another word for estrus is…
ovulation
What makes up the luteal phase?
metestrus and diestrus
Does metestrus or diestrus last the longest?
diestrus
Metestrus
CL is formed and progesterone is secreted
Diestrus
sustained release of progesterone
What will the uterus release if pregnancy doesn’t occur?
PGF2a
Estrous Cycle Length of CATTLE
21
Estrous Cycle Length of SHEEP
17
Estrous Cycle Length of HORSE
22
Estrous Cycle Length of SWINE
21
Estrous Cycle Length of GOAT
21
Estrous Cycle Length of BISON
21
Sperm and oocyte uniting equals?
fertilization; conception
Placenta
an organ that creates the metabolic connection between embryo/fetus and dam
What else does the placenta do?
produces hormones that maintain pregnancy, prepare mammary system, and enhance growth of fetus
The different types of placentas is…
diffuse, cotyledonary, zonary, discoid
Diffuse placenta
sow and mare, have even distribution of chorionic villi
Cotyledonary placenta
cows, ewes, and does, have placentomes
What do placentomes look like?
balled shaped/meatballs
Zonary placenta
cats and dogs, have a distinct zone where all exchange occurs
Discoid placenta
primates and rats, have disc-like structure where all exchange occurs
Gestation Length of COW
285 days
Gestation Length of EWE
147 days
Gestation Length of MARE
336 days
Gestation Length of SOW
114 days
Gestation Length of DOE
150 days
What hormone initiates parturition?
cortisol
Parturition includes…
delivery of fetus and placenta
The “proper” birthing position is…
diving position