apush s-bus

Antarctica

has a nearly constant temperature inversion.

Air pollution

It occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances are introduced into Earths atmosphere

Parts per million (ppm)

The most common form of expressing air pollutants

Primary Pollutants

Emitted directly into the air

Secondary Pollutants

Result from primary air pollutants reacting together and forming new pollutants

Point source air pollution

It occurs when the contaminant comes from an obvious source

Non-point source air pollution

It occurs when the contaminant comes from a source that is not easily identifiable or from a number of sources spread over a large, widespread area

Criteria air pollutants

These are a set of eight air pollutants that cause smog, acid rain, and other health hazards and are typically emitted from many sources in the industry, mining, transportation, power generation, and agriculture

Industrial smog

Trends to be sulfur-based and is also called gray smog

Carbon monoxide

It is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly less dense than air and is produced from the partial oxidation of carbon-containing compounds

Lead

It is used in building construction, lead-acid batteries for vehicles, bullets and shot fishing weights, solder, and shields for radiation

Nitrogen Oxide

A generic term for nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, which are produced from the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen gases in the air

Nitrous oxide

It is a major air pollutant, with levels of N2O having increased by more than 15% since 1750

Ozone

It is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O3, and tropospheric (ground-level) ozone is a secondary air pollutant

Tropospheric ozone

It does not have strong global effects, but instead is more influential in its effects on smaller, more localized areas

Peroxyacyl Nitrates (PANs)

These are secondary pollutants

Sulfuric Dioxide

A colorless gas with a penetrating, choking odor that readily dissolves in water to form an acidic solution

Suspended particulate matter (PMx)

It is microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in Earths atmosphere

Volcanic Organic Compounds (VOCs)

These are organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure (easily evaporate) at ordinary room temperature

Photochemical smog

It is catalyzed by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, tends to be nitrogen-based, and is referred to as brown smog

Thermal inversions

These occur when air temperature rises with height instead of falling

"Sick building" syndrome (SBS)

It is a term used to describe a combination of ailments associated with an individuals place of work or residence

Asbestos

It is inexpensive, durable, and flexible and naturally acts as an insulating and fireproofing agent

Carbon monoxide poisoning

It is the most common type of fatal indoor air poisoning in many countries because it easily combines with hemoglobin to block the bloods oxygen-carrying capacity

Formaldehyde

It is an organic chemical that is prevalent in the indoor environment and is a carcinogen that is linked to lung cancer

Radon

It is an invisible radioactive gas that results from the radioactive decay of radium, which can be found in rock formations beneath buildings

Cigarette smoke

It contains almost 5,000 chemical compounds, including 60 known carcinogens (cancer-causing chemicals), one of which is dioxin

Catalytic converter

It is an exhaust emission control device that converts toxic chemicals in the exhaust of an internal-combustion engine into less harmful substances

Catalyst

It stimulates a chemical reaction in which by-products of combustion are converted to less toxic substances by way of catalyzed chemical reactions

Acid deposition

It occurs when atmospheric chemical processes transform sulfur and nitrogen compounds and other substances into wet or dry deposits on Earth

Dry Deposition

In dry areas, acidic chemicals in the air may become dust or smoke and stick to the ground, buildings, homes, cars, and trees, which rainstorms wash away, increasing acidic runoff

Wet Deposition

Acid rain, fog, and snow

Acid rain

It causes acidification of lakes and streams

Acid shock

Caused by rapid melting of snow pack with dry acidic particles, raises lake and stream acid concentrations five to ten times higher than acidic rainfall

Urban heat islands

It occur in metropolitan areas that are significantly warmer than their surroundings

Street Canyon

A place where the street is flanked by buildings on both sides, creating a canyon-like environment

Noise pollution

It is an unwanted human-created sound that disrupts the environment

Sensory hearing loss

it is caused by damage to the inner ear and is the most common form associated with noise pollution.

sulfur dioxide

Acid deposition due to begins with sulfur dioxide being introduced into the atmosphere by burning coal and oil, smelting metals, organic decay, and ocean spray.

6 A.M.–9 A.M.

As people drive to work, concentrations of nitrogen oxides and VOCs increase

9 A.M.–11 A.M.

As traffic begins to decrease, nitrogen oxides and VOCs begin to react, forming nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

11 P.M.–4 P.M.

As the sunlight becomes more intense, nitrogen dioxide is broken down and the concentration of ozone (O3) increases:

4 P.M.–Sunset

As the sun goes down, the production of ozone is halted.

three way

Most present-day vehicles that run on gasoline are fitted with a “” converter, since it converts the three main pollutants:

Garrett Hardin

wrote "The Tragedy of the Commons "in 1968.

The Tragedy of the Commons

The essay parallels what is happening worldwide in regards to resource depletion and pollution.

decomposition of animal manure

The primary cause of gas emissions from CAFOs is the ___ being stored in large quantities.

ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, and particulate matter

CAFOs release several types of gas emissions—__.

I = P × A × T

IPAT Formula

CAFOs

release several types of gas emissions- ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, and particulate matter.

Clear-cutting

It occurs is when all of the trees in an area are cut at the same time

Edge Effect

It refers to how the local environment changes along some type of boundary or edge

Forest edges

These are created when trees are harvested, particularly when they are clear-cut

Tree canopies

It provide the ground below with shade and maintain a cooler and moister environment below

Deforestation

It is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested areas, which are then used for grain and grass fields mining, petroleum extraction, fuel wood cutting, commercial logging, tree plantations, or urban development

Agricultural productivity

It implies greater output with less input

Desertification

It is the conversion of marginal rangeland or cropland to a more desert-like land type

Overgrazing

A plant is considered overgrazed when it is re-grazed before the roots recover, which can reduce root growth by up to 90%

Fertilizers

It provide plants with the nutrients needed to grow healthy and strong

Inorganic Fertilizers

A fertilizer mined from mineral deposits or manufactured from synthetic compounds

Organic Fertilizers

Any Any fertilizer that originates from an organic source, such as bone meal, compost, fish extracts, manure, or seaweed

Genetically modified foods

These are foods produced from organisms both animal and plant) that have had changes introduced into their DNA

Genetic engineering techniques

These allow for the introduction of new traits as well as greater control over traits when compared to previous methods

Rangelands

These are native grasslands, woodlands, wetlands, and deserts that are grazed by domestic livestock or wild animals

Slash-and-Burn Agriculture

It is a widely used method of growing food or clearing land in which wild or forested land is clear-cut and any remaining vegetation is burned

Soil Erosion

It is the movement of weathered rock or soil components from one place to another and is caused by flowing water, wind, and human activity

Soil degradation

It is the decline in soil condition caused by its improper use or poor management, usually for agricultural, industrial, or urban purposes

Desertification

Productive potential of arid or semiarid land falls by at least 10% due to human activity and/or climate change

Salinization

Water that is not absorbed into the soil evaporates, leaving behind dissolved salts in topsoil

Waterlogging

Saturation of soil with water, resulting in a rise in the water table

Tillage

An agricultural method in which the surface is plowed and broken up to expose the soil, which is then smoothed and planted

Irrigation

The application of controlled amounts of water to plants at needed intervals and has been a necessary component of agriculture for over 5,000 years

Ditch

Dug and seedlings are planted in rows

Drip

Water is delivered at the root zone of a plant through small tubes that drip water at a measured rate

Flood

Water is pumped or brought to the fields and is allowed to flow along the ground among the crops

Furrow (Channel)

Small parallel channels are dug along the field length in the direction of the predominant slope

Spray

Uses overhead sprinklers, sprays or guns to spray water onto crops

Pesticides

These can be used to control pests, but their use has drawbacks

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

It is an ecologically based approach to control pests

Biological Pesticides

Living organisms used to control pests

Carbamates

Also known as urethanes, affect the nervous system of pests, which results in the swelling of tissue in the pest

Fumigants

These are used to sterilize soil and prevent pest infestation of stored grain

Inorganic pesticides

These are broad-based pesticides that include arsenic, copper, lead, and mercury

Organic pesticides

These are natural poisons derived from plants such as tobacco or chrysanthemum

Organophosphates

These are extremely toxic but remain in the environment for only a brief time

Persistent organic pollutants (POPS)

These organic compounds can pass through and accumulate in living organisms' fatty tissues because they don't break down chemically or biologically

Pesticide resistance

It describes the decreased susceptibility of a pest population to a pesticide that was previously effective at controlling the pest

Pest species

They evolve pesticide resistance via natural selection

Pesticide Treadmill

Also known as pest traps; farmers are forced to use more and more toxic chemicals to control pesticide-resistant insects and weeds

Intercropping

A farming method that involves planting or growing more than one crop at the same time and on the same piece of land

Polyculture

The simultaneous cultivation or raising of several crops or types of animals

Genetic resistance

An inherited change in the genetic makeup of the pests that confers a selective survival advantage

CAFO

It is an intensive animal feeding operation in which large numbers of animals are confined in feeding pens for over 45 days a year

Aquaculture

Mariculture or fish farming

Mining

Removing mineral resource from the ground

Dredging

A method for mining below the water table and usually associated with gold mining

In situ

Small holes are drilled into the Earth and toxic chemical solvents are injected to extract the resource

Mountaintop removal

Removal of mountaintops to expose coal seams and disposing of associated mining overburden in adjacent "valley fills"

Open pit

Extracting rock or minerals from the Earth by their removal from an open pit when deposits of commercially useful ore or rocks are found near the surface

Strip mining

Exposes coal by removing the soil above each coal seam