Osmoregulation and Excretion Ch. 44

osmoregulation

regulation of concentration of solutes and gain/loss of water

excretion

removing metabolic waste from body

osmolarity

amount of solutes in a liquid in the body

osmoconformer

marine animals that do not regulate their osmolarity

osmoregulator

regulate their osmolarity and expend energy to control water uptake and losss

stenohaline

animals that cannot tolerate substancial changes in external osmolarity

euryhaline

animals that can survive in large fluctuations of external osmolarity

saltwater fish

lose water through osmosis and regain salt by diffusion

freshwater fish

lose salt by diffusion and taking in water and regain through food and gill uptake

anhydrobiosis

ability to lose all water from body and survive in dormant state

bird with excess sodium from seawater

lose it through salt glands near eyes

transport epithelium

specialized cells that regulate solute movement

nitrogenous waste disposal methods (list)

ammonia, urea, uric acid

ammonia

nitrogenous waste excretion method from the whole body surface and through gills

urea

nitrogenous waste excretion method through the liver and kidneys

uric acid

nitrogenous waste excretion method in a from of a paste

protonephridia

dead-end tubule network with no internal openings and a flame bulb at the end that excrete dilute fluid

metanephridia

tubules that collect coelomic fluid and produce urine

coelomic fluid

found in body cavity of invertebrate involved in various vital functions

malpighian tubules

remove nitrogenous waste from arthropods and aid in osmoregulation

afferent arteriole

part of loop of henle in which blood comes from renal artery and goes to glomerulus

efferent arteriole

part of loop of henle in which blood comes from glomerulus and goes to peritubular capillaries

peritubular capillaries

part of loop of henle in which blood comes from efferent arteriole and goes to vasa recta

vasa recta

part of loop of henle in which blood comes from peritubular capillaries and efferent arterioles and goes to medulla

Loop of Henle

part of kidney

renal artery → afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries → vasa recta → medulla

Kidney

organ aids in osmosis and waste excretion

proximal tubule (reabsorption of water and waste secretion) → descending limb of loop of henle (salt diffuses into interstitial fluid) → thin segment ascending limb → thick segment ascending limb (flitrate is dilluted) → distal tubule → collecting duct (flitrate to medulla and NaCl reabsorption)

ADH

hormone in kidney that increases water absorption in distal tubules and collecting ducts

Juxtaglomerulus appartatus

kidney hormone regulates blood pressure

angiontensin II

kidney hormone helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance

aldosterone

kidney steroid hormone helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance

RAAS

kidney hormone aids in homeostis

atrial natriuretic factor

kidney hormone increases sodium excretion/opposes RAAS

steroid hormone

hormone derived from cholesterole with certain structural features that allow them to directly diffuse into cells and attach to receptors hence influencing gene expression and processes