21 Fluid & Electrolyte Balance

mouth

What is the major organ for intake of fluids & electrolytes?

stomach, liver

What are 2 major organs for storing substances in the body:

• short term?

• long term?

kidneys

What is the major organ for excretion of fluid & electrolytes?

homeostasis

What term means the same as “relative constancy”?

solvent

Is water a solvent or solute?

2,500 ml

What is the average daily fluid intake?

2,500 ml

What is the average daily fluid output?

60%

What percentage of water intake is typically in the form of a liquid?

30%

What percentage of water intake usually is in the form of solid food?

10%

What percentage of water intake is from respiratory oxidation?

hypothalamus

What part of the brain regulates thirst?

25%

What is the threshold for when water loss is fatal to the body?

aldosterone, ADH

What two hormones help regulate fluid output by kidneys?

high heat of vaporization

How does perspiration cool the body?

decrease output (increase ADH release)

What effect does extreme sweating have on urine output?

adipose

Which type of tissue has almost no water?

30 trillion

How many cells make up the human body?

tissue fluid, intercellular fluid, interstitial fluid

Give three different names for the extracellular fluid, which is found between the body cells?

intracellular

Where is most of the body water located?

electrolytes

Another name that can be used for “ionic materials”

chloride, phosphate, bicarbonate

Name 3 significant body anions:

sodium, potassium, calcium

Name 3 significant body cations:

Chloride (Cl-)

What is the most abundant anion in ECF:

sodium (Na+)

What is the most abundant cation in ECF:

phosphate (PO4 3-)

What is the most abundant anion in ICF:

potassium (K+)

What is the most abundant cation in ICF:

albumin, other proteins

What solute of ECF is present in plasma but is missing or is much less abundant in tissue fluid?

osmosis

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane is called:

blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)

Strongest force that moves water from capillaries to tissue spaces:

Na+, albumin

solutes that tends to pull water into capillaries from tissue spaces:

(BHP-BOP) + (IFOP-IFHP)

What is the equation for the net filtration pressure?

Positive number

This value of the net filtration pressure indicates blood going back into circulatory system (good)

Negative number

This value of the net filtration pressure indicates that fluid is building up in tissue spaces, possibly causing edema

lymphatic capillaries

What vessels take the excess fluid back to the bloodstream?

Starling

Who first summarized the relationship b/w forces moving material into & out of capillaries?

0.1%

Blood glucose level is usually about 100 mg/ 100 ml. What percentage is this?

atomic weight, valence

What two characteristics of an ion are taken into account by milliequivalent (MEq) but ignored by use of percentages?

2

How many chloride ions are needed to offset one calcium ion?

0.9%

What percentage of NaCl is required to make up fluid that is isotonic to plasma that has a total MEq of 308?

5%

What percentage of glucose is required to make up fluid that is isotonic to plasma that has a total MEq of 308?

milk, diary, broccoli

Name some good sources of calcium in the diet (3)

parathyroid, calcitonin

Name the two hormones that help maintain calcium homeostasis:

diuretics

Name a type of common drug that results in hypokalemia?

• potassium deficiency

calcium, sodium, potassium 

Which of the cations mentioned in the lab cause muscular, neural, & cardiac disorders? (3)
- especially true of potassium 

2

What is the pH of a 1 liter solution that contains 1/100 g of hydrogen ions?

(count the zeros!!)

7

What is the pH of a neutral solution?

stomach

Name the organ that contains acidic fluid (HCl base):

• others include: kidney, liver, urinary bladder

CO2 + H2O > H2CO3

Write the equation for formation of carbonic acid from water & carbon dioxide: 

neutralize

What does a buffer do to a strong acid?

increase

As H+ is secreted from the blood into the urine, how is blood pH affected?

acid, increases

Explain how vomiting causes alkalosis (high blood pH):

• losing ______

• pH ____ becoming basic

acidosis 

Which condition (acidosis or alkalosis) is caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

acidosis

What condition acidosis or alkalosis is most common?

• subcategory: metabolic & respiratory