7 functions of life
Made of cells
Growth
Reproduction
Evolution
Homeostasis 6.Metabolism
Interact with environment
Cell theory
All living things are built of cells
Cells are the smallest form of life
Cells only repoduce by division
"Glyco" and "ose"
shows that something is a sugar
''ase'
Shows that something is an enzyme
"lysis"
to break down usuing enzymes
"Phag"
to eat
Prokaryotic cell
DNA is located in nucleoid
Generally smaller and single Celled
Generally Does not need oxygen
No organelles
Eukaryotic Cell
DNA in Nucleus
usuaully larger and multicellular
needs oxygen
Organelles
Contents of a Eukaryotic cell
nucleas, organelles, cytosol, cytoskeleton, membrane
Nucleus
Stores genetic information
Chromatin is the untangled form of DNA
Nuclear envelope
Strong membrane of the nucleus
Contains inner membrane, outer membrane and nuclear pore
Nucleolus
Source of Ribosomes
located inside the nucleus
Plasma membrane
regulates what enters and exits the cell
phagocytosis
Process in which the cell engulfs a large solid particle
Ribosomes
Form protiens
Any protiens not attached to the rough ER(freefloating in cytosol) are used to synthesize protiens to be sent out of the cell
Rough ER
Network of membranes with ribosomes that acts as pathway to the golgi
involved in Membrane manufacturing
Smooth ER
Forms Lipids and detoxifies the cell
Lysosome
Cells Digestive system **Extremely uncommon in plant cells
Autophagy
Process of Lysosomes breaking down damaged organelles
Cristae
"infoldings' of the mitochondrias inner membrane
involved in the final stage of producing ATP
Mitochondiral matrix
inner compartment of mitochondria
Golgi Apparatus(body)
packages and ships protiens
Glycoprotien
A sugar attached to a protien
Endomembrane system
All of the membranes within a cell
Food vacoule
Collects food particles through phagocytosis
Cilia
small harilike threads attached to cells that assist with movement
basically a mini version of flagella
Peroxisomes
Breaks down wastes and fat
produces peroxids whihc is used to kill microrganisms
Capsule
protection barrier for bacteria
Desmosomes
Fastens Animal cells together into strong sheets
Plasmodesmata
intercellular pores/bridges that connect plants cells to their neighboring cells
Pili
Hairlike fibers found on bacteria allowing them to stick to surfaces
Plastids
Creates and stores pigments, starches, and oilds used by the cell
Extracellular matrix
Everything immediately outside the cell membrane
collagen
Protien that gives structural support to cells(such as Skin cells)
Tight Junction
Junctions in animal cells where membranes of neighboring cells are pressed against each other
Gap junctions
Junctions in animal cells that provide cytoplasmic channels between cells
Microfilament
thinnest part of cytoskeleton
Actin
the protien that froms microfilaments
Microtubules
hollow rods of protien that help support the cell
assist in cell division
Centrosome
area near the nucleus where microtubules are formed and contains the centrioles
intermediate filaments
Cytoskeltal elements that bear tension
Centriole
From in pairs and forms spindle fibers for cell division
Pseudopodia
Cellular extensions that allow a cell to crawl on surfaces
nuclear lamina
a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by supporting the nuclear envelope,
Chloroplasts
produce chlorophyll
pathway of photosynthesis contains:
Stroma
Garnum
Thylakoids
Stroma
Inner space of fluid inside the chloroplast
Granum
Stacks of thylakoids
thylakoids
Flattened and interconnected sacs in the chloroplasts
middle lamela
Thin layer between primary walls of plants cells that is kept together by pectin
Pectin
a sticky glue like substance that allows cells to stick together
Biochemistry levels of organization
Atoms
Molecules
Compunds
Cells
Tissue
Organs
Ogran system
Organism
Elements of Life(first 96%)
oxygen
carbon
hydorgen 4.Nitrogen
Elements of Life(last 4%)
phosphorus
calcium
sulfur
potassium ** there are really 25 total elements that are essential, they are just a tiny percentage compared to the rest
Bonding
WEAK BONDS
Hydrogen bonds, attarction between charges STRONG BONDS
covalent bonds, sharing electrons, stabel and forms molecules
organic molecules
Any molecule containing carbon
biomolecules
Large organic molecules that exist in all living things
AKA Macromolecules
4 types of macromolcules
Protiens
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Lipids
4 properties of water
adhesiveness
heat capacity
acts as a solvent
density of ice