AP Biology Test 1

7 functions of life

1. Made of cells
2. Growth
3. Reproduction
4. Evolution
5. Homeostasis
6.Metabolism
7. Interact with environment

Cell theory

1. All living things are built of cells
2. Cells are the smallest form of life
3. Cells only repoduce by division

"Glyco" and "ose"

shows that something is a sugar

''ase'

Shows that something is an enzyme

"lysis"

to break down usuing enzymes

"Phag"

to eat

Prokaryotic cell

1. DNA is located in nucleoid
2. Generally smaller and single Celled
3. Generally Does not need oxygen
4. No organelles

Eukaryotic Cell

1. DNA in Nucleus
2. usuaully larger and multicellular
3. needs oxygen
4. Organelles

Contents of a Eukaryotic cell

nucleas, organelles, cytosol, cytoskeleton, membrane

Nucleus

- Stores genetic information
- Chromatin is the untangled form of DNA

Nuclear envelope

- Strong membrane of the nucleus
- Contains inner membrane, outer membrane and nuclear pore

Nucleolus

Source of Ribosomes
- located inside the nucleus

Plasma membrane

regulates what enters and exits the cell

phagocytosis

Process in which the cell engulfs a large solid particle

Ribosomes

- Form protiens
- Any protiens not attached to the rough ER(freefloating in cytosol) are used to synthesize protiens to be sent out of the cell

Rough ER

- Network of membranes with ribosomes that acts as pathway to the golgi
- involved in Membrane manufacturing

Smooth ER

- Forms Lipids and detoxifies the cell

Lysosome

Cells Digestive system
**Extremely uncommon in plant cells

Autophagy

Process of Lysosomes breaking down damaged organelles

Cristae

"infoldings' of the mitochondrias inner membrane
- involved in the final stage of producing ATP

Mitochondiral matrix

inner compartment of mitochondria

Golgi Apparatus(body)

packages and ships protiens

Glycoprotien

A sugar attached to a protien

Endomembrane system

All of the membranes within a cell

Food vacoule

Collects food particles through phagocytosis

Cilia

small harilike threads attached to cells that assist with movement
- basically a mini version of flagella

Peroxisomes

Breaks down wastes and fat
- produces peroxids whihc is used to kill microrganisms

Capsule

protection barrier for bacteria

Desmosomes

Fastens Animal cells together into strong sheets

Plasmodesmata

intercellular pores/bridges that connect plants cells to their neighboring cells

Pili

Hairlike fibers found on bacteria allowing them to stick to surfaces

Plastids

Creates and stores pigments, starches, and oilds used by the cell

Extracellular matrix

Everything immediately outside the cell membrane

collagen

Protien that gives structural support to cells(such as Skin cells)

Tight Junction

Junctions in animal cells where membranes of neighboring cells are pressed against each other

Gap junctions

Junctions in animal cells that provide cytoplasmic channels between cells

Microfilament

thinnest part of cytoskeleton

Actin

the protien that froms microfilaments

Microtubules

hollow rods of protien that help support the cell
- assist in cell division

Centrosome

area near the nucleus where microtubules are formed and contains the centrioles

intermediate filaments

Cytoskeltal elements that bear tension

Centriole

From in pairs and forms spindle fibers for cell division

Pseudopodia

Cellular extensions that allow a cell to crawl on surfaces

nuclear lamina

a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by supporting the nuclear envelope,

Chloroplasts

- produce chlorophyll
- pathway of photosynthesis
contains:
1. Stroma
2. Garnum
3. Thylakoids

Stroma

Inner space of fluid inside the chloroplast

Granum

Stacks of thylakoids

thylakoids

Flattened and interconnected sacs in the chloroplasts

middle lamela

Thin layer between primary walls of plants cells that is kept together by pectin

Pectin

a sticky glue like substance that allows cells to stick together

Biochemistry levels of organization

1. Atoms
2. Molecules
3. Compunds
4. Cells
5. Tissue
6. Organs
7. Ogran system
8. Organism

Elements of Life(first 96%)

1. oxygen
2. carbon
3. hydorgen
4.Nitrogen

Elements of Life(last 4%)

1. phosphorus
2. calcium
3. sulfur
4. potassium
** there are really 25 total elements that are essential, they are just a tiny percentage compared to the rest

Bonding

WEAK BONDS
- Hydrogen bonds, attarction between charges
STRONG BONDS
- covalent bonds, sharing electrons, stabel and forms molecules

organic molecules

Any molecule containing carbon

biomolecules

Large organic molecules that exist in all living things
- AKA Macromolecules

4 types of macromolcules

1. Protiens
2. Carbohydrates
3. Nucleic acids
4. Lipids

4 properties of water

1. adhesiveness
2. heat capacity
3. acts as a solvent
4. density of ice