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Total Dissolved Solids
a solid residue that remains in the water after filtration
Sources of Total Dissolved Solids
Minerals, metals, gases, vegetation decay
Impacts of Total Dissolved Solids
Bad taste/odor/appearance
Toxic chemicals
Aggressive unsaturated water
Alkalinity
the quantity of ions in water that will react to neutralize hydrogen ions, or a measure of the ability of water to neutralize acids
Most common constituents of alkalinity
Bicarbonates, carbonates, hydroxide
Impacts of alkalinity
Bitter taste, alkalinity + cations in water = precipitate
Hardness
the concentration of multivalent metallic cations
the hardness cations will react with anions to form a solid precipitate
Hardness may be represented by the sum of
calcium and magnesium ions
Sources of hardness
Calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese
Impacts of hardness
Boiler scale fouling
Soap scum