Exam one psychology

why is psychology a hub science

due to its strong links and overlapping associations with other fields

Ebers Papyrus

one of the oldest medical journals from ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt

interwinded concepts of the mind and its funtions with religious and spiritual beliefs

heart of the orgin of intelegince, emotions and soul

ancient greece

had temples dedicated to Asklepios providing cures to psychosomatic illenesses

Socrates

emphasized introspection and self-examination

plato

believed in teh esictance of an immortal soul containing reason, spirite and appetite

aristotle

preposed that the mind and body are closley connected and wrote extensively on memory, percpetion, dreams, and learning

ancient china 

psychological concepts were inegrated with philosophy and medicinean

ancient india

early psychological thought was deeply interwined with religious, philosophical and medical traditions

anceint isreal

biblical texts

19th century

when psychology was officlaly and formally proposed and intitiuted

St. Augustine

significant contribuatuions to the understanding of human nature, memory and consciousness and laid ground work for later psychological thought

St. Thomas Aquines 

integrated the philosphy of aristotle into christin doctrine and believed that the soul was a form of body and distinguished it between different types of souls 

Humoral Theory of Health

believed that human health and temperament were governened by teh balance of the 4 bodly fluids and an inbalance caused phsyical and mental illnesses

what are the 4 bodily fluids

blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile

William Wundt

father of modern psychological and established the first lab dedicated to psychological

work demenstrated that the mind could be measured 

beginning to psychology as a scientific discipline

Wundt lab

individual differences

ways in which people differ in terms of their behaviour, emotion, cognition, development

APA

american physiological association

What does the APA do 

representted the interests of acadmeic psychologist xZx

cns

Central Nervous system

what is the CNS

brain and spinal cord, protected by the skull and vertebrae and processes sensory information and sends out instruction

PNS

Peripheral Nervous system

what is the PNS 

all other nerves (other then the spinal cord and brain) 

sensory nervous

sends signals to central nervous system

motor nerves

carry signals from CNS

CNS anatomy

The Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

forbrain 

cerebrem, cerbal cortex and subcortical structures 

frontal lob

motor control and problem solving

parietal lobe

Spacial orientation

temporial lobe

hearing memory emotion

occipital lobe 

vision 

midbrain

in change of arousal/ wakefulness and teh relay of visiul auditory signals

hindbrain

cerebllum, and medulla oblinga and pons

cerebellum

movemnet balance and psoture

medulla oblonga and pons 

breaitng, heart beat, blodd pressure 

brocas area

produces speech

Wernkes area

comprehends language

PET Scan

position emission tomography what

what dos a pet scane do

used tracers to detect activity willin the brain and often used to determine brain disorders 

self-fulfilling prophicies

where people act in ways that align with previous and other beliefs

JND

Just noticeable differences

what is JND 

the ability to detect the smallest change in a stimulas 

classical conditioning 

a learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a unconditioned stimulus eventually triggering a conditioned response on its own 

pavlov

classical condtioning dog experiment

unconditioned response

soemthing that nuratlly comes as a reaction

unconditioned stimulus

a natural reaction to the UCS

Neutral stimulus 

soemthing that doesnt case a reation at first 

condtioned stimulus

the NS becomes a CS once its been paired with the UCS co

condtioned response

leaned reaction to teh CS E

Extinction

Keep ringing the bell, but never bring food; the dog will stop drooling at the bell

spontaneous recovery 

the dog mught suddenly start salivating again at teh bell showing the learning istn gone forever rene

renewal

if learned in one place and extinguished in another but when going back to the old room that repsonse could come back

John B watson

little albert

counter conditoning

when kid got scared of white rabbit due to dontinuous ringing the high pitched bell makeing the kid cry they reversed the response giving the kid candy when it treid reaching fo rthe rabbit removing the phobia

operant condtioning 

learning through consequnces 

BF skinner

studied how behavior changed based on what happens after the beahvior (rewards and punshiment)

reinforcement

increased behavior pi

punishment

decreased behavior

postive 

adding something 

giving dog a treat 

giving hw for bad bahviro 

negative

taking something away

seat belt alarm turning off after u put on a seatbelt

fixed ratio

reward after set number of times

every 5th coffee is free

variable ratio

reward after random number of times

fixed interval 

reward after set time 

bi weekly paycheckv

variable interval

reward after a random number of times

what schedule of reinforcment is the most powerful

variable ratio

Albert Bandura

we pick up new behaviors by noticeing what happens to other people

another word for shortterm memory 

working memory 

short term memory

readily avaible to amek decisions and helf for a brief moment of time

long term memory

takes memories and consolidates tehm and stores for years or a lifetime

Epododic Memory

allows us to metally travel back in tiem and relive moments in our past (core memories) and helps define out identity

what is an ecentral role in memory 

emotions attached 

amygdaka

plays apart in enhancing the encoding and storage of memories

memory consolidation

process of stablizing new memories and turning them into long term memories

forgetting

essential and clears out information that is no longer relevant allowing us to prioritze important inoformtation

Synaptoc [runing

allows us to focus on waht matters in present moments and adapt new experiences by removing weaker synaptic connections to strengthen frequently used ones

encoding failure

failure to process information to your memory; not paying attention or psychological issues

Amnesia 

condition characterized by the loss of memories like facts, information, and even experiences normally stored in the brain 

retrograde

hit on head having torubel remebering cruical information like nmaes a

Antergrade

cant remember shrot term things; white board that consatnly erases itself

retrograde amneisa

inabliltiy to recall events from the past

Anterograde Amnesia 

inability to form new memories; Dory

What causes amnesia

brian injures, neurological disorders, Psychological tauma, subsatnces and medications

psycholgenic amnesia

emotional shock that leads to memory loss; continued trauma can lead to the brain being confused with what’s traumatic, leading to intense loss continually after trauma is over as a defense mechanism

Korsakoff Syndrom

caused by years worth of alchohol abuse

is there a cure for amnesia 

no 

memroy bias

systematic distortions or errors in our recollection fo events; impared or enhanced thatis influenced by our beliefs

misinformation effect

memories are influenced by misleading inforamtion presented after an evant; remembering inforamtion based on what u heardco

confirmation bias

remebering inforamtion that confirms prexisting belifs while forgetting or disregarding information that controdicts them Mi

HIndsignt Bias

teh ‘I knew it all along effect’; remember predications as being mroe accurate that they actually were 

self serving bias

remember success more vividly than our fialures

Peak ENd RUle

remember an event based on its most intense points and its ends

secure attachment

healthy bond characterized by trust comfort with intemacy and the abiity to express needs and feelings openly

Anxious Attachment 

u text ur partner and they dont respond in an hour and u start spiring; overthink, need reassurance,jealous, dear of being left, feeling of being “too much"; jsut wnat to be loved

Another word for Anxious attachment

pre-occupied

Avoidant attachment

u start dating someone as its going well but as soon as they start taking about commitment or emotions u suddenly feel smothered and to ghost or take a step back; uncomfort in intiacy, prefer casual or “low pressure”, value independce, pull away when things get serious

Disorganized Attachment

u want a relationship but when someone gets close u panic; u might selfsabatage even if you care deeply about teh person; crave connection fear of getting hurt, get clsoe then suddenly push away, realtionships are unpredicatable or dangerous, trust issues

another word for avoidant attachment style 

dismissive 

another word for disorganized attachment style

fearful-aviodant