Botany Exam 1

What kingdom are plants in?

Plantae

Are plants Eukarotic or Prokaryotic?

Multicellular Eukaryotes

Are plants Autotrophs?

Yes, also some are photo autotrophic (photosynthesis)

How do plants store carbohydrate energy?

As starch

What are plants cell walls composed of?`

Cellulose

Do plants lack locomotion?

Yes, plants are sedentary

Plants produce _____

Embryos

Where did plants originate from?

Aquatic organisms

What were the ancestors of plants and how many years ago?

Green Algae (Phylum Chlorophyta), 450 MYA

What features do plants have that help them colonize land and water?

Roots, Conductive Tissue, Cuticles, Stomata

How many species of flowering plants are there? Where are most of them located?

300,000-450,000; most are in tropics.

Plants form the basis for most _______ ecosystems

Terrestrial

Plants are used to define what?

Terrestrial Biomes

What two things do Bryophytes lack?

Lack seeds and vascular tissue

How do bryophytes reproduce?

Reproduce through spores

What generation is dominant in bryophytes?

Gametophyte (1n=Haploid)

Which generation here is dominant?

Gametophyte

What size are bryophytes traditionally?

Small (short) plants

Where are bryophytes traditionally found?

Moist environments (Forests, Wetlands, Arctic)

Can bryophytes withstand dry cycles?

Some bryophytes can withstand dry cycles (desert, rocks)

What are bryophytes the transitional between

Green algae and vascular plants

Who are the typical earliest land plants

Bryophytes

What sexual factor do bryophytes have?

Motile Sperm

What trait do bryophytes have that are shared with with all plants (embryo-bytes)?

Retain multicellular embryo

What type of pollen do bryophytes have that are the protective coating on its spores?

Sporopollenin - the most resistant biochemical known

Liverwarts are a type of _____

Bryophyte

How many species of liverworts are there?

6000

Liverwortd are classified as _____ and _____ plants

Thalloid or Leafy

Liverworts have a Thallus. What is a thallus

Undifferentiated plant body

What two things do liverworts lack

Leaves and Stems

What is attached to liverworts?

Rhizoids

Do liverworts have a stomata?

No

Livereworts have a _______ _______ with pores

Rudimentary Cuticle

Do liverworts have a stomata?

Yes, Liverworts have a stomata

The system of branching of Riccia gametophytes is __________

Dichotomous

Liverworts achegoniophores?

The female reproductive structure of liverworts, located elevated on stalks

Liverwort Antheridiophores

The male reproductive structure of liverworts, located elevated on stalks.

What are Gemma cups used for in liverworts?

Asexual reproduction They contain Gemma which are splashed out of the cup during rain, which then reproduce new gametophytes which are genetically identical to the parent plant.

Do mosses have a stomata (sporangia)?

Only some of them have a stomata!

What is this structure?

Archegonia in mosses - Female reproductive organ.

What is this structure?

Antheridia in mosses - male reproductive structure.

Who are Sphagnidae similar to?

Similar to permian fossils around 290 MYA

What is the operculum and what does it do?

sporangium lid blows out launching spores

What % of earth does sphagnum cover?

1% = half the US

What is a unique characteristic of sphagnum?

Decays very slowly and stores CO2, also forms peat

What do granite mosses look like?

–Small blackish green or dark red brown tufted mosses

Where do granite mosses live?

mountainous or arctic regions on rocks

How do granite mosses discharge spores?

Through slits in moisture driven capsules

What is the common name for Bryidae?

True Mosses

What do Bryidae protonema resemble?

Green Algae

DO bryidae have a precursor conduting tissue (sporophyte)?

Yes, bryidae have a sporophyte.

What structure do capsules have in bryidae?

Peristome teeth

What three structures are depicted in this image of a cross section of a bryidae? from left to right?

Conducting strand, cortex, epidermis

What is the purpose of peristome teeth in mosses?

To open and release spores.

What species of bryophyte have internal cavities inhabited by Nostic?

Hornworts

What are hornworts known for in the environment?

Nitrogen fixation

What do hornworts resemble?

Thalloid liverworts

What traits to sporophyte hornworts have?

Sporophytes have a stomata with guard cell

In hornworts, is the sporophyte elongated (horns)?

Yes, the sporophyte is elongated in hornworts.

In hornworts, sporophytes may grow _______

indeterminately

What are the evolutions for terrestrial life in Vascular Plants?

Sporophytes have cuticles, stomata

Evolution of efficient conducting tissues

Xylem & Phloem

Evolution of structural support

Secondary cell walls with lignin

Evolution of differentiated organs for photosynthesis and acquisition of water & nutrients

Stems, Leaves, Roots

What did vascular plant sporophytes start as?

Basic, undifferentiated axis (stems)

What enabled indeterminate growth and differentiation of the plat body in vascular plants?

Apical meristem enabled indeterminate growth and differentiation of the plant body in vascular plants

When did secondary growth of vascular plants begin?

280 MYA

Mycorrhiza formed mostly ______ symbioses with plants

Mutualistic

What is the etymology of mycorrhizae?

Fungus-Root

Mycorrhizae is found in what percent of plant families?

90%

When did mycorrhizae highly coevolve?

>400MYA

What aspects of mycorrhizae were crucial to land colonization?

Provision of P, other nutrients, and water,

Vascular tissue

Apical Meristem

–Found in early vascular plant fossils, extant bryophyte thalli

Which tissue was preserved the best in in vascular tissue evolution?

Xylem

Which tissue was 1st in origination for mycorrhizae?

Tracheids

Vessels originated in _____ ______ in vascular plants

Multiple Lineages

In the development of vascular tissue in vascular plants, which is like the vascular cylinder?

Stele

What are some characteristics of protostele?

Evolved first

Found in some seedless vascular plant shoots

Found in most roots

What are some characteristics of Estelle

(discrete strands around pith)

•Evolved directly from protostele

•Found in the seed plant shoots

What are some characteristics of siphonostele?

•Evolved independently from protostele

•Found in the other seedless vascular plant shoots

What are the types of vascular tissue shown in this cross section of vascular plants from left to right?

Protostele, siphonostele with no leaf gaps, siphonostele with leaf gaps, and eustele

What do we known about the evolution of roots and leaves in vascular plants?

Roots are more like ancestral stems, leaves are appendages of stems

Microphylls

–Predominantly with protosteles, no gaps

–Single strand of vascular tissue

Megaphylls

–With siphonosteles or eusteles

–Complex vascular system

What are the cross sections of these vascular plants?

Protostele with microphyll and Siphnostele with megaphyll

What is this image depicting?

(A)microphylls evolved as outgrowths, called enations, of the main axis of the plant., (B)Megaphylls evolved by fusion of branch systems.

In vascular plants, there was a shift of dominance in what?

Sporophyte became dominant, larger and independent. Gametophytes became reduced, but still independent as well.

Vascular plants shifted from homosporous to what?

Heterosporous

What are the names of the phyla of vascular plants and how long are?

(375-290MYA)

–Lycopodiophyta

•Club mosses, Selaginella, Quillworts

–Monilophyta

•Ferns, Psilotum, Horsetails

–Progymnosperms

Ancestors of seed plants

In Gymnosperms, what was the major advancement in the colonization of land?

Seeds

What developed in some seedless vascular plants

Heterospory with microgametophytes and megagametophytes

Seeds evolved as dispersal unit for new sporophytes and gave plants a huge ______ ________

Competitive advantage

With seeds, what were some of the competitive advantages

Protected embryo and provided nutrition at a critical developmental stage.

What is some general information about megagametophtyes in Gymnosperms

•Megagametophyte is retained on sporophyte

–Develops in ovule (integuments, megasporangium, megaspore)

• megagametophyte develops in megasporangium

–New sporophyte develops in the megagametophyte

–Megagametophyte & megasporangium (nucellus) becomes nutritive tissue

What is some general information about megasporangium in Gymnosperms

Megasporangium doesn’t open

Megasporangium produces only one functional megaspore

What developed from intugements in gymnosperm?

Seed coat

In seed coats in gymnosperms, where is the sporophyte tissue from and what allows the entry of male gametes?

Previous generation, micropyll

Label this seed in gymnosperms in clockwise order

Micropyll, integument, functional megaspore, megasporangium (nucellus)

In reproduction of gymnosperms, where is the megagametophyte retained?

Sporophyte

In reproduction of gymnosperms, can there be multiple archegonia?

Yes, there can be polyembryony

What is dispersed in reproduction of gymnosperms?

Microgametophytes

What delivers delivers male gametes through micropyle in some gymnosperms

Pollen tubs

In gymnosperm, they transition from Flagellated to ______ gametes

Unflagellated, no extra moisture required.

What was the transitional between SVP and seed plants?

Progymnosperm

When were pro gymnosperm around?

Devonian period 400MYA

What do pro gymnosperm produce?

Spores, NO seeds