Q 2/3

when an electron is in a ____ energy level, it is ____ away from the nucleus, therefore having ____ Colombia attraction to the nucleus and therefore ____ to remove

when an electron is in a ____ energy level, it is ____ away from the nucleus, therefore having ____ Colombia attraction to the nucleus and therefore ____ to remove

higher, farther away, less, easier

less Colombia attraction means….

lower first ionization energy

moving across the row on the periodic table, the ____, therefore the ____ are more attracted to the nucleus, therefore the ____ decreases and the ____ increases

Zeff, valence electrons, atomic radius, ionization energy

When reading a PES graph, the higher the peak….

the more electrons are in that sublevel

larger binding energy means….

the electrons are closer to the nucleus

S, P, D, F

2, 6, 10, 14

when writing the electron configuration for a cation….

remove the valence electrons first

what order do you remove valence electrons?

the ones in the p-orbital and the s-orbital, then you can remove the d-orbitals if necessary

isotopes of an element have the same number of ____ but different numbers of ____

protons, neutrons

mass spectroscopy graphs measure….

atomic masses of isotopes

elements in the same group (vertical columns) have similar….

chemical and physical properties

metals are in the ____ of the zigzag line and nonmetals are on the ____ of this line on the periodic table

left side, right side

cations (+) are ____ than their atoms since you are removing ____ that are ____ from the nucleus

smaller, valence electrons, farther

anions (-) are ____ than their atoms since ____ extra electrons increases ____

larger, adding, electron-electron repulsions

____ are formed between two nonmetals sharing electrons

covalent bonds

____ are formed when a metal transfers electrons to a nonmetal and the opposite charges attract

ionic bonds

the greater the ____ difference between 2 atoms, the more ____ the bond becomes

electronegativity, polar

combustion reactions make….

CO2 and H2O

diatomic elements

Br, I, N, Cl, H, O, F

when diatomic elements are in a compound, their ____ can vary

number of atoms

empirical formula rhyme

percent to mass, mass to mole, divide by small, times until whole

in an empirical formula, you….

get the simplest whole number ratio of the moles (or atoms) in the compound

the molecular formula for a compound is a ____ of the empirical formula ratio

whole number multiple

percent yield

experimental divided by theoretical

percent error

experimental minus theoretical divided by theoretical

the amount of product for a reaction is determined by the….

limiting reactant