C859 Python Syntax

var1, var2, var3 = 1, 2, 3

multiple variable assignment

12

integer

1.2

float

'twelve'

string

"twelve"

string

True or False

Boolean value

type()

determines type of an object (integer, boolean, etc)

int()

converts to integer object

float()

converts to float object

str()

converts to string object

print()

displays a message

+

addition (integer) or concatenation (string)

-

subtraction

**

power of

%

modulus, remainder

/

division, always results in float

//

division, always results in integer

=

assignment operator

+=

reassignment operator, adds

-=

reassignment operator, subtracts

*=

reassignment operator, multiples

/=

reassignment operator, divides

<

less than

>

greater than

<=

less than or equal to

>=

greater than or equal to

==

equal to

!=

not equal to

len()

returns length

title()

capitalizes first letter of each word

islower()

determines if the string consists of lowercase characters

count()

totals number of times an argument is found within a predefined value

format()

inserts variable data in a string

def

keyword used to create functions

def myfunction():

syntax for function declaration

return

defines output of a function

if age < 16:

creates an if statement

else:

else statement, used in conjunction with if statement or if/elif statement

elif age >= 16 and age <= 18:

elif statement, used in conjunction with if statement

True and False

False: and operation will always be false unless both sides are true

True or False

True: or operation will always be true unless both sides are false

not(True and False)

True: Boolean not operation will produce the inverse value.

myNumbers = [1, 4.8, 7, 9.2, 3, 0]

creates a list

mylist[0]

accesses first element from a list

mylist[-1]

accesses last element from a list

mylist[1:3]

slices list including second and third element

mylist[:3]

slices list beginning with first element and including through the third element. Index position 3 is not included in selection.

mylist[3:]

slices list beginning with fourth element and include remainder of the list

9.2 in myNumbers

looks for a match and returns Boolean value

9.2 not in myNumbers

ensures a match does not exist in list

len()

counts items in list

max()

returns greatest element of list

min()

returns smallest element of list

sorted()

returns copy of list ordered smallest to largest

sorted(listname, reverse=True)

returns copy of list ordered largest to smallest

sum()

returns total sum of list values

append()

adds new value to end of list

pop()

removes last item from a list

pop(1)

removes second item from a list

join()

joins values from a list using a defined separator

set()

creates a set, or a list that contains unique items

add()

adds value to set

discard()

removes value from set, if found

for city in cities:

iterates over items within a list

range()

defines a range of numbers

while temp >= 32:

iterates a set of commands as long as the condition remains true, stopping when the condition becomes false

break

loop command that stops iteration prematurely

studentGrades = { 'Orfu': 83, 'Bismark': 98, 'Igor': 72}

entries are added in key/value pairs

if 'key' in dictionary:

verifies if key exists in dictionary

get()

looks up value by key

myPhone = (877, 435, 7948)

creates a tuple

open('/my_path/my_file.txt','r')

opens a file object for reading

open('/my_path/my_file.txt','w')

opens a file object for writing

read()

reads data from open file

close()

closes open file

write()

writes to open file

with open('/my_path/my_file.txt','r') as f:

opens a file, performs operations and automatically closes file

import math

imports math module

from collections import defaultdict

imports individual function from a module

from csv import reader as scvreader

mports individual function from a module and assigns it a new name

$ pip3 install pytz

install package through the command line

import pytz

imports a package

split()

string method used to break apart a string and return a list