MODULE 13: Disaster and terrorism

pandemic

worldwide epidemic

natural disasters

tornado, hurricanes, flooding, etc. that are widespread throughout the world

human-made disasters (accidental diasters)

chemical release after accident, pollution of water supply

Technologic Disasters: industrial accidents like chemical spills, transportation and mining accidents

Social: warefare, genocide, civil unrest

Environmental: famine, deforestation, outcomes of climate change such as forest firest and mudslides

What factors are included in human made disaster?

terrorism

The use of threats and/or violence to intimidate or coerce society for political purposes

Main goal: create fear, causing casualties, and rendering sites unusable

1. preparedness

2. mitigation

3. response

4. recovery

5. evaluation

components of the disaster management continuum (5)

1. identify all hazards (risk assessment)

2. proactive planning and training (conducting drills, stockpiling supplies, training emergency personnel and volunteers)

3. evaluate possible damage

preparedness (3)

identification of all existing and potentially dangerous situations before disaster occurs

What is the first step in Preparedness in the disaster mgmt continuum

1. risk assessment

2. all-hazard vulnerability plan

3. federal and state response networks

Planning for diasters involves data collection in three areas…

Federal Emergency MGMT Agency

FEMA: team of federal leaders who support the people and communities of our nation by providing experience, perspective, and resources in emergency mgt.

disaster preparation at federal level

state gov. should supplement and facilitate local efforts before, during, and after incidents

centralized location where public picks up emergency supplies and medications following a disaster

disaster preparation at the state level

centralized location where public picks up emergency supplies (food, water, meds) following disaster

disaster preparation at the local level

all hazards vulnerability plan

Once the potential hazards are identified, the extent of damage, interruption of services, and threats to health are estimated

A centralized location where the public picks up emergency supplies, including food, water, and

medications (if necessary), following a disaster. The point-of-distribution plan details the staffing required and procedures to be followed in the setup and deactivation of a POD/EDS.

Point of Distrubution plans

take measures to limit damage, disability, and loss of life

main goal: reduced/eliminate risks to human life and property before disaster happens

mitigation

physical changes to reduce risk (stronger building codes, generators, removing hazard-prone structures).

strucutal mitigation

Policies and preparedness activities (e.g., healthcare disaster training, evacuation plans, land use laws, insurance).

Nonstructual mitgation

- primary: identify and eliminating risks in all hazards vulnerability plan before disaster occurs

- tertiary: efforts to lessen damage, disease, disability, and loss of life (lessen severity of disaster)

mitigation uses what two levels of prevention?

PPE

ex: active response team members use “Go Kits”

mitigation tool that prevents the transfer of hazardous agents from the victim or the environment to the HCPs

1. implementation of a disaster plan

2. provide emergency care

3. restore communication and transportation (as well as providing food, water, and shelter to those affected)

response (3)

Local level, where diaster mgmt plan is implemented and responders are deployed

What lvl does response begin?

incident command system (ICS)

- the disaster plans that are most effective are clear, and easy to understand use this

- designates common titles and roles to be used in all organizations and agencies that respond to disasters

- an on-site, flexible, all-hazard system providing a set of personnel, policies, procedures, facilities, and equipment integrated into a common org. structure and common term. that are designed to improve emergency response operations

Field Triage (table)

Basic triage and rapid treatment (START) is a simple, prehospital triage system that was developed in California to assist emergency responders for use in earthquakes. Evidence based and field proven, the system separates injured people into four groups according to the severity of their injuries or illnesses.

1. stabilization

2. return to normal status

recovery (2)

when the disaster ends

When does the recovery phase begin?

1. continuing death, chronic illness, and/or disability

2. population shift if recovery is prolonged

3. contamination of food and water supplies (increased risk of ID)

4. collapse of local and regional healthcare access

factors that may continue into the recovery phase for victims (4)

rebuilding damaged buildings, transportation systems, and communication systems

relocation of those affected by disaster

Other factors that is included in the recovery phase?

1. learn from past

2. prepare for future

evaluation (2)

recovery phase; after the incident; “hot wash”

Evaluation:

An evaluation meeting takes place during the ______________ immediately ________________________, eliciting observations and suggestions from participants.

Often referred to as a _________ session, it is conducted while everything is fresh in one’s mind, so its not forgotten

After Action Report (AAR)

a more formal report that provides a detailed list of strengths and weaknesses, successes and failures, and suggestions for improvement in future responses

0 those who have died

1 injured, requiring immediate transfer

2 injured, who can wait to be transferred

3 injured, with minor less urgent needs

START model for triage

critical: unstable, requiring immediate intervention

color coding for prehospital triage: red

urgent: stable but may deteriorate

color coding for prehospital triage: yellow

delayed: injured or ill but stable and not likely to deteriorate (walking wounded)

color coding for prehospital triage: green

expectant: dead or nonsalvageable given available resources

color coding for prehospital triage: black

1. health education

2. workplace

3. emergency operation plan (EOP)

role of nurses in disaster mgt.:

1. PHNs are experts in providing ______________________________ for various populations in a community setting.

2. for most nurses, disaster preparedness planning is usually associated with the ___________________

3. nurses should be familiar with the ___________________________________________ in their workplace and understand how their role may change during an emergency or disaster

1. assess needs of community

2. conduct surveillance for CDs and unmet needs

3. prevent and control the spread of disease

4. maintain communication channels to ensure accurate dissemination of information to colleagues and the public

5. provide on-site triage as needed

6. manage behavioral responses to stress

7. ensure the health and safety of self, colleagues, and the public

8. document events and interventions

responsibilities of PHN in disaster mgt. (8)

- be calm, creative, and responsive to emergency situations

- PHNs are experts in providing health education for various populations in a community setting

- for most nurses disaster prepardness planning is usually with the workplace

- be familiar with emergency operation plan (EOP) in their workplace and understand how their role may change during an emergency or disaster

Role of a disaster nurse