AP HUMAN UNIT 6 TEST

what is quantitative data

data that can be counted or measured; data with numbers

what is qualitative data

data that cannot be counted; data with only words

what is a cohort

an age group on a population pyramid

where were the earliest cities located

ports on deep water (for trade), and coastal plains (for shipping+ agriculture)

which theory explains how transportation affected the size and location of cities

borchert’s epochs

how did railways change the size/shape of cities

interior cities grew near railroad hubs/tracks

how did highways/cars change the size/shape of cities

rapid suburbanization occurred

define megacity

city with a population of 10mil+

define metacity

city with a population of 20mil+

what are squatter settlements and why do they occur

slums on the outskirts of cities (found in LDCs), due to lack of affordable housing for urban migrants

what is causing rapid population growth in megacities in periphery countries

economic movement into the secondary sector-job opportunities, green revolution and mechanization mean less agricultural labor

explain the income gap between the city center and peripheral areas of megacities in LDCs

city center: high income/modern tech

periphery: squatter settlements

what is a greenbelt

farm/park land that only allows small development

what is decentralization

movement of the population/businesses from central city to suburbs

what is an edge city

a city/businesses on the outskirts of the central city due to urban sprawl

synonym for exurban node

edge city/business centers in suburbs

what are the environmental issues of suburbanization

loss of greenbelts/deforestation, reliance on cars: fossil fuels, loss of prime agricultural land: more chemical fertilizers

why is railway/bus use increasing in cities

helps address traffic issues, high cost of fossil fuels in cars

what do slow growth policies do

decrease city growth to limit urban sprawl

what type of businesses are found in the CBD and why

retail complexes due to central location, easy transport, and small land use (due to expensive rent)

are there many residences in the Central Business District

no, mostly businesses

which model has a transitional zone of low income housing and industrial land

burgess concentric zone

which model is highly influenced by transportation patterns

Hoyt Sector model

what model has their low income in a linear area from the center, around transportation

hoyt sector model

which modelS explain rapidly growing cities based on the automobile causing decentrilization in the city

galactic and multiple nuclei

based on the european city model would you find more modern high rise office buildings in the center or edge cities

edge cities/suburbs to avoid historic areas

what is at the center of the latin american city model

central plaza with cathedral in the middle

what international city model is centered around a port

southeast asian city

which model has a commercial spine bordered by elite residential housing

latin american model

which models have religious buildings at the heart of their center

latin american and islamic city model

which models are influenced by their economic position in wallersteins world theorys system

sub-saharan africa- mining zone, periphery zone

latin american- gentrification, semi periphery

southeast asia- port zone for exporting goods

whats a primate city

largest city that has the most influence and has 2x the population of the second largest city

which theory explains why larger cities have more specialty services than smaller cities

central place theory

what is a threshold

minimum # of people needed to support a service

what is a range

maximum distance people are willing to travel for a service

what is the gravity model

the amount of interactions 2 countries have is determined by how big the population is

what is a world city

cities that are the center of info + capital around the world, usually a countrys capital

what are the three world cities?

new york, london, tokyo

what ways are cities linked globally and therefor transcend national political boundaries

ethnic enclaves, headquarters for multinational corporations, financial media centers, head quarters for supranational organizations.

why did companies like call centers first move to the South

cheap land, labor, and taxes

less 2nd sector work due to industrialization

what is a basic industry

consumers live outside of town, causes growth

what is a nonbasic industry

consumers live in town, no growth

what is gentrification

when upper class residents move into lower class areas, kicking low income residents out

what is new urbanism

urban planning that encourages mixed land use and environmentally friendly practices

how did suburbanization lead to the deterioration and eventual need for urban renewal in the central city

loss of tax revenue leading to the forming of disamenity zone

what is mixed land use

mixing residential and commercial land

where is mixed land use done and what does it prevent

located in the suburbs, prevents urban sprawl

how does new urbanism help the environment

mixed land use causes walkability, meaning less car pollution

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puts importance on greenbelts and cleans potentially dangerous brownfields

what are the negative of gentrification

1) high rent costs 2) loss of old businesses

what are the positives of gentrification

1) new businesses 2) high quality housing 3) increased tax revenue

what are the preventions of gentrification

1) inclusionary zones 2) rent control 3) increased public/social housing

what are the causes of gentrification

1) revitalizing brownfields 2) high rent costs in other areas 3) close to work/amenities

what are brownfields and what is happening to them

former industrial sites that are changed into sustainable mixed land use areas.