Intro to PUBH302: Module 4 Epidemiology Basics Socioecological Model, Systems thinking

what is epidemiology

the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events on specified populations, and the application to control health problems

epidemiology has also been called _______

population medicine

_______ relies on a systematic and objective approach to the interpretation of collected data

epidemiology

epidemiology tries to explain why things happen to _____ people and not _____

some, others

epidemiology is ___-____ and analyzes factors, variables and statistics

data driven

in the years ____-_____, there was a shift from traditional epidemiology to wider used

1930-1940

what led to the identification of major CVD risk factors, one example is HBP

Framingham Heart Study

the framingham heart study began in ____

1948

in 1960, ____ was found to increase the risk of heart disease

smoking

how hsa pubh extended life expectancy?

assessment, policy development, assurance

3 core functions: _____, policy development, assurance

assessment

give an example of assessment in the 3 core functions of PUBH

analyzing county-level diabetes data to identify high-risk populations

give an example of policy development in the 3 core functions of PUBH

drafting a strategic plan to reduce opioid overdoses in the community over 5 years

give an example of assurance in the 3 core functions of PUBH

providing free vaccination clinics to ensure access for uninsured residents

10 essential public health services

1. Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems.

2. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community.

3. Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues.

4. Mobilize community partnerships and action to identify and solve health problems.

5. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts.

6. Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety.

7. Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable.

8. Assure competent public and personal health care workforce.

9. Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services.

10. Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems.

epidemiologists study the ______

outbreak of disease

What does each letter of P.E.R.I stand for?

Problem, Etiology, Recommendations, Implementation

Why do we measure the public health problem?

to track diseases, conditions, monitor health and quality of life

_____: measure of some disease in relation to a unit of population, along with specification of time

rate

formula for crude mortality rate

number of deaths (all causes) ÷ estimated midyear population x 1,000

A city had 1,260 total deaths from all causes in 2024. The population on January 1st was 198,000 and on December 31, 202,000. What is the crude mortality rate per 1,000 population?

6.3 per 1,000

_______: rate for a specific cause of death for a population

cause specific mortality rate

______: rate limited for a particular age group in a population

age specific mortality rate

_______: rate that is for a total population but is statistically set for a certain characteristic. ex: age

adjusted rate

______ rate: number of new health events or cases of a disease in a population exposed to that risk in a given time period

incidence

_____ rate: the total number of a population that has a particular disease, injury, or other health condition at a specified point in time

prevalence rate

incidence or prevalence? study finds 50 new cases of influenza occurred in a town with 5,000 people.

incidence

incidence or prevalence? in a survey, researchers found 200 people have type 2 diabetes out of 10,000 residents.

prevalence

incidence or prevalence? a hospital reports that 5% of their patients developed an infection during their stay.

incidence

_____: constant presence of disease or infectious agent within a geographic area

endemic

____: the occurrence of a disease in excess of normal expectancy

epidemic

___: an outbreak of a disease over a wide geographical area, such as a continent

pandemic

_____: study of the cause of disease

etiology

______ make some people healthy and others unhealthy

determinants

____ : "things" whose presence are associated with increased chance that disease will develop later

determinants

determinants are more likely to be _______ controlled

individually

_____-level factors: focuses on individuals, personal choices, small-scale outcomes.

micro

____-level factors: looks at populations, communities, or systems, large-scale patterns

macro

____ perspective: theory about the way people interact with their environment

ecological

ecological perspective looks at impacts of ______, _____, ______, and other broad influences on health

social environment, culture, poverty

top preventable premature death causes

1. tobacco use

2. dietary excess and physical inactivity

3. alcohol

4. infections

5. toxic agents

6. firearms

7. sexual behaviors

8. mv accidents

9. drug related

#1 cause of preventable death in 2000

tobacco

nearly _____ of all deaths from 1990-2000 were linked to _______ and other preventable causes

half, behavioral

_____ has the biggest impact on health

behavior

behaviors have multiple _____, like: physical, environmental , social, organizational, economic, political and policy factors

influences

_________: based on a "story", unscientific reports or observations

anecdotal evidence

types of relationships between cause and effect of health outcomes

strength, dose response, consistency, biological plausability

relative risk formula

probability of y if x exists/ probability of y if x does not exist

RR example: put in the formula how strong the relationship between developing lung cancer and cigarette smoking

probability of lung cancer if smoking exists/ probability of lung cancer if smoking does NOT exist

interpret these RR results: probability of lung cancer if smoking exists/ probability of lung cancer if smoking does NOT exist = 10.5

a smoker has more than 10x the chance of developing lung cancer than a non-smoker

_______: amount of exposure x duration

dose response

what is this an example of? the more cigarettes you smoke over more years increases your chance of lung cancer

dose response

which of the following best explains the socio-ecological model in public health?

it examines multiple levels of influence on health, including individual, interpersonal, community, and societal factors

Describe the 4 conditions used to strengthen contributory cause

1. strength

2. dose-response

3. consistency

4. biological plausability

Explain the multi-causation disease model

multiple factors influence health, along with interacting causes, chain of events, and big focus on prevention

describe the US's response to PUBH problems

US looks for "best" practices, such as guidance from the surgeon's general reports, recommendations from governmental organizations