KAAP 220 Biology Terms & Definitions for Exam 1 Study

Seven Characteristics of Life

1. Composed of one or more cells

2. Energy use and metabolism

3. Response to stimuli

4. Maintain homeostasis

5. Growth and development

6. Reproduction

7. Are organized

four basic processes in humans

respiration, digestion, circulation, excretion

what is anatomy?

Study of the STRUCTURE of body parts and their relationship to one another

what is physiology?

the study of FUNCTION of the body - how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities

The central principle of physiology is

homeostasis

3 tenants of cell theory

1. cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals

2. cells are produced by other cells

3. cells are the smallest living unit

organ system that defends against infection and disease

lymphatic

organ system that delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs

respiratory

sensor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change

receptor

integration center that receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands

control center

area of homeostatic regulatory mechanism that responds to commands by opposing the stimulus

effector

when an effector activated by the control center opposes the original stimulus to minimize change

negative feedback

when an initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in original conditions rather than opposing it

positive feedback

9 anatomical regions

medial means...

toward the midline

lateral means...

away from the midline

proximal means...

Closer to the point of attachment to the trunk

distal means...

farthest from the point of attachment from the trunk

caudal means...

toward the tail

anterior or ventral means...

Front of body/body part

posterior or dorsal means...

Back of body/ body part

what plane separates anterior and posterior

frontal plane

what plane separates right and left

sagittal plane

what plane separates superior and inferior

transverse plane

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

The heart and lungs which are protected by the bony rib cage.

what kind of cavities house the lungs

pleural cavities ; separated by the mediastinum

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

reproductive organs, bladder, rectum

what kind of serous membrane lines the pelvic cavity

peritoneum

internal organs that are completely enclosed by body cavities

viscera

functions of serous membrane

protects organs from shocks and impacts; permits changes in size and shape of organs

smallest units of matter

atoms

what determines the mass number

number of protons and neutrons

what determines atomic number

number of protons

elements present in the body in very small amounts are called...

trace elements

elements that do not readily participate in chemical processes are said to be....

inert

movement of an object or change in the physical structure of matter is known as...

work

energy of motion

kinetic energy

stored energy is also known as

potential energy

quantity with a weight in grams = to the atomic weight

mole

enzymes proceed until...

equilibrium is reached

reactions that release energy

exergonic reactions

reactions where more energy is required than is released

endergonic

sheath of water molecules around an ion in a solution

hydration sphere

soluble inorganic substances whose ions conduct an electrical current in solution

electrolytes

a solution containing dispersed proteins or other large molecules

colloid

A ___ contains large particles in solution that will settle out due to gravity

suspension

low blood pH

acidosis

high blood pH

alkalosis

ionic compound consisting of any cation that is not H+ and any anion that is not OH-

salt

what functional group is NH2

amino

what functional group is COOH (double bone)

carboxyl

what functional group is OH

hydroxyl

what functional group is PO4 2-

phosphate

most important molecule for metabolic fuel in the body

glucose

molecules with the same molecular formula but different 3D structures

isomers

polysaccharide that is used for storage in human muscle cells; breaks down when there is a high demand for glucose

glycogen

macromolecule that forms essential components of all cells and acts as energy reserves

lipids

lipids derived from arachidonic acid

eicosanoids

lipids produced primarily by cells involved with coordinating the responses to injury or disease

leukotrienes

short fatty aid chains with 5 carbon ring; directs local cellular activities

prostaglandins

molecules found in the membrane of all animal cells; needed for cell growth and division; steroid

cholesterol

amino acids are transferred to the ribosome by...

tRNA

what part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic

fatty acid tails

what part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic

phosphate head

what structure of proteins form alpha helices and beta sheets

secondary structure

reactants in enzymatic reactions

substrates

what are all cells the descendant of

fertilized ovum

when daughter cells begin to develop specialized structural and functional characteristics

cellular differentiation

a molecule of ___ contains all the necessary codons to build a particular polypeptide

mRNA

during mitosis, chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes during...

anaphase

organelle that breaks down organic compounds and neutralized toxins

peroxisome

organelle that destroys foreign material, removes damaged organelles, and performs autolysis

lysosome

golgi apparatus function and structure

stack of flattened membranes (cisternae); store, alter, and packed synthesized products

organelle that stores genetic information, controls metabolism and protein synthesis

nucleus

smooth er structure and function

no ribosomes; synthesizes lipids and carbs

rough er structure and function

has ribosomes, protein modification and packaging

function of ribosomes

protein synthesis

organelle that produces ATP

mitochondria

organizing center containing pair of centrioles

centrosome

what organelles strengthen and support the cell, move materials

cytoskeleton

functions of the plasma membrane

physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity, structure

proteins that stabilize the membrane position

anchoring proteins

proteins that are detected by cells of the immune system

recognition proteins

proteins that bind to specific extracellular molecules (ligands)

receptor proteins

what do receptor proteins bind to

ligands

proteins that transport solutes across the membrane

carrier proteins

proteins that form a passageway completely through the plasma membrane

channels

something with hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts is known as...

amphipathic

layer of the plasma membrane formed by superficial membrane carbohydrates

glycocalyx

finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane

microvilli

layer of microfilaments just inside the plasma membrane that forms a lining

terminal web

strongest and most durable cytoskeleton elements

intermediate filaments

largest components of the cytoskeleton; built from tubulin

microtubules

cylindrical structures composed of short microtubules

centrioles

what side of the golgi is the receiving side

cis

what side of the golgi is the shipping side

trans

folds of the mitochondria are called

cristae

hollow tubes within the ER

cisternae

What does glycolysis do?

breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

What does the citric acid cycle (TCA) do?

completes the breakdown of pyruvate into carbon and hydrogen