ZOO lab Practical #1

any plane through the center will make mirror images

spherical symmetry

many planes through the center will make mirror images, but some will not

radial symmetry

only one plane will make mirror images

bilateral symmetry

what is bilateral symmetry combined with

cephalization (formation of a head)

what symmetry is not common and possibly not found in animals

spherical symmetry

what is another name for the transverse plane

cross section

what is brown

dorsal

what is red

anterior

what is blue

transverse plane

what is orange

sagittal plane

what is green

frontal plane

what is yellow

ventral

what is purple

posterior

term for father from the middle

distal

term for closer to the middle

proximal

in vertebrates anterior appendages =

pectoral

in vertebrates posterior appendages =

pelvic

why is studying embryology and how animals develop important

helps us understand how they evolved, which tells us how they are related

sperm and egg fuse to form what

zygote

what is unique to animals

blastula

what does blastula have

hollow center called a blastocoel

how does a blastula form a gastrula

gastrulation

what is unique about sponges

they do not form germ layers

what layer does sea anemones, jellyfish etc, not form

mesoderm

what are animals with 2 germ layers called

diploblastic

what is it called when a gut only pushes halfway through

blind gut

what is it called when the gut is pushed all the way through

complete gut

what are animals with three germ layers called

triploblastic

triploblastic on animals with three germ layers typically have what symmetry

bilateral

where do mesoderm cells come from

endoderm cells

what is an animal whose mesoderm cells form near the blastopore called

protostomes

protostomes form what first

mouth

what are animals who mesoderm cells pinch out from the gut called

deuterostomes

deuterostomes form what first

anus

the mesoderm forms another cavity called what

coelom

what is it called when only one side of the cavity has mesoderm

fake coelom

in deuterostomes what kind of coelom forms

true

where does food and waste go in a blind gut

same opening

in a complete gut the inside of the gut is technically what

outside of the organism

A hollow ball of cells with a central cavity (the blastocoel) is called a...

blastula

An animal where only ONE plane through the body creates mirror-image halves has which type of symmetry?

Bilateral symmetry

Animals like jellyfish and sea anemones, which do NOT form a mesoderm layer, are called...

Diploblastic

In protostomes, the blastopore becomes...

The mouth

The single-cell stage formed when sperm and egg fuse is called a..

Zygote

What makes a body cavity a TRUE coelom (as opposed to a pseudocoelom)?

It's completely lined by mesoderm

Which germ layer forms the INSIDE layer, lining the gut?

Endoderm

Which type of symmetry means MANY planes through the center create mirror images, but not every plane does?

Radial symmetry

An animal's mesoderm forms as pouches that pinch off directly from the gut tube. Is this animal a protostome or a deuterostome?

Deuterostome

A cross-section shows a body cavity completely lined by mesoderm on every side. What type of animal is this?

Coelomate (true coelom)

In a particular embryo, the blastopore develops into the anus, and the mouth forms separately afterward. Is this a protostome or deuterostome pattern?

Deuterostome

An animal has a distinct head end where sensory organs are concentrated (cephalization), and it moves directionally through its environment. Which symmetry type does it most likely have?

Bilateral symmetry

An animal has a single opening that serves as both the mouth and the anus. What term describes this gut design?

Blind gut (incomplete gut)

Sea urchins (echinoderms) share deuterostome development with chordates (like humans), despite looking nothing alike as adults. In 1-2 sentences, what does this tell us about how biologists determine which animals are closely related?

We use several lines of evidence to try and determine which animals have common ancestors and are closely related. Similarity of adult forms can be useful, but sometimes adult organisms look very different (such as comparing chordates to sea urchins). But, looking at developmental patterns, we sometimes see unexpected relationships, which is why we think that sea urchins and chordates are closely related. 

who invented systema naturae for naming

carolus linnaeus

what is the order of the taxonomic ranks most to least broad

Domain, Kingdon, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

what is the only biological unit in the taxonomic ranks

species

how did Linnaeus group organisms

morphology

what does the full name consist of

genus name and the specific epithet (species name)

what is the naming using genus and species called

binomial nomenclature

genus name is like your family name and should be written how

capitalized and italicized (if handwritten underline)

specific epithet is like your first name and is written how

not capitalized and italicized

why do we use greek/latin words

building blocks of other languages and DEAD language so meanings do not change

what is the scientific name for pirate perch

Aphredoderus sayanus

what is marked by the “authority” of the person who first named the species

name and year

what does it mean if the authority's name is in parentheses

genus was later changed

can the species name include both the authority and who put it under the current genus

yes

what group/organization dictates rules for naming

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

what does the Biological Species Concept determine as a species

a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring

what are problems with the BCS

fossils, asexual reproduction, and hybridization

how does the evolutionary species concept define a species

a lineage with its own evolutionary history and fate

what does it mean to be related to someone

you both descended from the same person - you have a common ancestor

what are the two main types of trees

cladogram and phylogenetic tree

what tree focuses in shared, derived characters but not so much on when these occured

cladogram

which tree tries to incorporate time

phylogenetic tree

what is the outgroup

what you are comparing other groups to

what are the shared derived characters which define each clade called

synapomorphies

a group that includes common ancestor and its descendants is called

clade

what do nodes represent

common ancestors

what in a tree represents changes that occurred over time as groups evolved

branches

true or false: the tree can spin about the nodes

true

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

prokaryotes are smaller, no nucleus, and no membrane bound organelles

where do prokaryotes store there DNA

cytoplasm

single-celled bacteria (prokaryotes) kingdom

Monera

kingdom of single-celled eukaryotes (protozoans and single-celled algae)

Protista

kingdom of multi-celled photosynthetic organisms who make their food from inorganic carbon

Plantae

kingdom of multicellular organisms which digest food outside their body and then abosrb it

Fungi

kingdom of multicellular organisms who ingest food and digest it internally

Animalia

what domain is prokaryotes with unique biochemistrar found in extreme- environments

archaea

what domain do eukaryotes belong to

eucarya

what domain does prokaryotes belong to

bacteria

what do protozoans stand for

first animals

are protozoans actual animals or just a catch all group

catch all group

what species is this

Ceratium spp.

what is Ceratium spp. important for

base of aquatic food web

what species

Naegleria fowleri

what can cause keratitis in the eye due to improperly disinfecting contact lenses

Amoeba castellanii

what is this

Amoeba proteus

what is this

Ceratium

what is this

Euglena