cultural variations of attachment

What did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg do?

Carried out a meta-analysis of 32 studies using SS

What did Vi&K find?

• secure attachment most common in all countries

• collectivist country, higher rates of INS-RES than individualist

• greater variations found within same country compared to between countries E.g one US study found 46% SEC ATT compared to another study in diff part of US, 90%. Due to subcultures within a culture e.g. middle class/working class. Rural/urban

What are results of other studies conducted in diff countries using SS?

• Grossman & Grossman (Germany, 1991): higher rate of INS-AVOID than SEC ATT. May be due to high value placed on independence + self-reliance in 🇩🇪. Seen as desirable infants do not get distressed by absence of their mother

• Simonelli et al (Italy, 2014): lower rate of SEC ATT + higher rate of INS-AVOID may be due to more mothers working long hours and using professional childcare

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