Ped AR Quiz 2

What is the Connecticut Asylum for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons called today?

The American School for the Deaf

What educational debate emerged in the 1970s?

Mainstreaming versus center-based schools.

Where are most children with hearing loss educated today?

General education classrooms.

Deaf education today is often what type of model?

Consultation service model.

Are more students with hearing loss receiving IEPs or 504 plans?

More are receiving 504 plans.

Why are some schools for the Deaf closing?

Falling enrollment.

Classroom placements from least to most support?

1. Mainstream

2. Inclusion/Collaborative

3. Pull-Out Resource

4. Self-Contained

5. Specialized School

What is a mainstream classroom?

General education teacher only, no special education support.

What is an inclusion/collaborative classroom?

Co-taught by general education and special education teachers.

What is pull-out resource?

Student splits time between general education and resource room.

What is self-contained placement?

Student spends all day with special education teacher.

Who are “Kids in the Cracks”?

• Students on 504s

• Students without IEPs/504s

• Mild/minimal/SSD losses

• Rural or low SES students

• Deaf Plus students

• Students lacking communication access

Why are more students found ineligible for special education?

• EHDI success

• Better technology

• More general education placements

• Overlooking effects of mild/unilateral hearing loss

Which children should be considered candidates for amplification?

All children with reduced hearing, including minimal, unilateral, and high-frequency losses.

Amplification decisions should be based on what?

Individual hearing, listening, and communication needs.

Important pediatric hearing aid considerations?

• Ease of use

• Connectivity

• Device size

• Tamper resistance

• Warranty

• Location services

• LED lights

• Battery options

Which manufacturers dominate the pediatric hearing aid market?

Oticon and Phonak.

What makes Osia 2 unique?

External processor with implanted mechanical vibrator.

What makes ADHEAR unique?

Uses adhesive abutment.

Why are softbands commonly used?

Families often delay surgery.

Minimum age for implantation?

Approximately 5 years old.

Bone conduction devices are especially common for what population?

Single-sided deafness (SSD).

What does CROS stand for?

Contralateral Routing of Signal.

Who are CROS systems typically used for?

Single-sided deafness.

Who are BICROS systems used for?

Asymmetric hearing loss.

Major limitation of Phonak CROS?

Must choose between HAT signal and CROS signal.

Which company’s CROS avoids the issue of choosing between HAT signal and CROS signal?

Oticon

Three major CI manufacturers?

• Cochlear Americas

• MED-EL

• Advanced Bionics

CI use is increasingly being offered for what population?

Children with SSD.

When can a school be required to provide hearing aids?

When necessary to achieve IEP goals and FAPE.

Is a school responsible for purchasing a cochlear implant?

No

Is a school responsible for purchasing a bone conduction device?

No

If a hearing aid is purchased by the school as assistive technology, who owns it?

The school

Must schools provide the newest technology available?

No, only appropriate technology.

What percentage of the school day involves listening activities?

60–75%.

Effects of excessive classroom noise?

• Reduced speech perception

• Reduced comprehension

• Reduced academic performance

• Increased social problems

Which students are most vulnerable to poor classroom acoustics?

Young children

Why are young children more affected by noise?

• Inefficient auditory closure

• Increased distractibility

• Immature auditory processing

• Difficulty separating speech from noise

Which students are at increased risk from poor acoustics?

• Hearing loss

• CAPD

• ADHD

• Dyslexia

• Learning disabilities

• Language disorders

• Developmental delays

• Second-language learners

• Chronic middle ear dysfunction

Common classroom noise sources?

• Chair feet

• Student conversations

• HVAC systems

• Pencil sharpeners

• Projector/computer fans

• Laptops

What is the inverse square law?

Every doubling of distance from the speaker reduces sound level by 6 dB.

Why is teacher distance important?

Speech becomes softer as distance increases.

What is the signal?

The sound you want to hear.

What is the noise?

Competing sounds.

How is SNR calculated?

Signal level minus noise level.

Why is a hearing loss diagnosis often shocking?

Families may grieve the loss of the “perfect child” they envisioned.

Counseling should be tailored based on what factors?

• Postpartum sensitivity

• Severity of hearing loss

• Timing of information

• Family readiness

What is one of the strongest predictors of long-term child success?

Mother’s self-esteem.

Whose needs should be addressed first?

The parents’

How fast should intervention proceed?

Only as fast as the family can go.

Examples of statements families dislike hearing?

• “Your baby failed.”

• “It could always be worse.”

• “I know how you feel.”

• “We can’t all have perfect babies.”

Better responses for families?

• Provide resources

• Connect with other families

• Refer to professionals

• Reassure families

• Encourage one step at a time

Two major counseling types in audiology?

1. Informational counseling

2. Adjustment-to-hearing-loss counseling

What is informational counseling?

• Audiograms

• Technology

• Communication options

• Educational options

• Advocacy

What is adjustment counseling?

Helping families process and adapt to the child’s hearing loss.

When should mental health referral occur?

When emotional distress is severe, prolonged, or worsening.

Is in-depth emotional counseling within the audiologist’s scope?

No

What does HAT stand for?

Hearing Assistive Technology.

What is the primary purpose of HAT?

Improve access to speech by improving signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

Why is improving SNR important?

Better speech understanding, reduced listening effort, and improved academic performance.

What classroom problem is HAT designed to overcome?

• Distance

• Background noise

• Reverberation

Which is usually more effective: making speech louder or reducing noise?

Reducing the effects of noise through improved SNR.

What are the three major components of classroom acoustics?

• Noise

• Reverberation

• Distance

What is reverberation?

Persistence of sound caused by reflections after the original sound ends.

How does reverberation affect speech?

Smears speech sounds together and reduces speech clarity.

How does background noise affect speech perception?

Masks important speech information.

How does distance affect speech understanding?

Speech becomes softer as distance increases.

What happens to a teacher’s voice every time distance doubles?

It decreases by 6 dB

What chain reaction occurs from poor acoustics?

Noise/Reverberation → Reduced Speech Perception → Reduced Comprehension → Reduced Academic Performance → Increased Social Problems

Why are younger children more vulnerable to poor acoustics?

• Immature auditory systems

• Poor auditory closure

• Increased distractibility

• Difficulty separating speech from noise

Which students are most vulnerable to poor classroom acoustics?

• Children under 15

• Hearing loss

• CAPD

• ADHD

• Dyslexia

• Language disorders

• Learning disabilities

• Second language learners

• Developmental delays

Which hearing losses still place students at risk for classroom difficulties?

• Mild hearing loss

• Minimal hearing loss

• Unilateral hearing loss

• Single-sided deafness

What is informational counseling?

Providing education about hearing loss, technology, communication options, educational options, and advocacy.

What is adjustment counseling?

Helping families emotionally process and adapt to a hearing loss diagnosis.

What is outside an audiologist’s scope of practice?

Intensive mental health counseling.

When should a family be referred to a mental health professional?

When emotional distress is severe, prolonged, or worsening.

What creates panic during counseling?

Too much information at once.

What creates apathy during counseling?

Too little information

What is self-advocacy?

The ability to understand one’s hearing needs and communicate those needs to others.

Examples of self-advocacy skills?

• Requesting repetition

• Asking for preferential seating

• Reporting equipment problems

• Requesting clarification

• Explaining hearing loss to others

Why is self-advocacy important?

Students will eventually need to manage their own communication needs independently.

Can students with APD receive support services

Yes, depending on educational impact and eligibility criteria.

Can students with APD receive HAT systems?

Yes, many benefit from remote microphone technology.

Why might HAT be beneficial for APD?

Improves SNR and reduces auditory processing demands.

Role of the clinical audiologist?

• Diagnose hearing loss

• Fit amplification

• Manage medical/audiologic needs

Role of the educational audiologist?

• Classroom access

• Accommodations

• HAT management

• Teacher consultation

Why should clinical and educational audiologists collaborate?

To ensure consistency between hearing technology, classroom access, and educational success.