504 Final Exam Review: Aging and Occupational Therapy

Comprehensive vocabulary and concept review for the OT 504 Final Exam covering aging, clinical conditions, intervention strategies, and end-of-life care.

Body mass changes in older adults

A specific increase in abdominal and visceral fat accompanied by decreased muscle mass.

Pocketing

The act of keeping food between the teeth and the cheek.

6 core lifestyle behaviors for aging well

Includes healthful eating, increasing physical activity, reducing sedentary activity, and managing stress. (Note: Cessation of alcohol is not considered one of these core behaviors).

DETERMINE checklist

A nutrition screening tool representing: Disease, Eating poorly, Tooth loss, Economic hardship, Reduced social contact, Multiple medicines, Involuntary weight loss, Needs assistance with self-care, and Elder years above $80$.

ROME III criteria for constipation

A diagnosis met if symptoms (reduced frequency of defecation, hard and dry stool, and difficulties with defecation) occur for at least $3$ months over the past $6$ months.

Types of urinary incontinence

The six types include Stress incontinence, Urge incontinence, and Mixed incontinence.

Osteoarthritis

A condition characterized by the deterioration over time of protective cartilage that cushions the ends of bones.

Hospice care eligibility

A medical prognosis of approximately $6$ months or less.

C Process (Sleep)

The circadian rhythm that determines when a person is asleep or awake during a $24$ hour period.

S Process (Sleep)

The sleep pressure that builds up in the body as awake time increases.

Vivir mi Vida (VMV) Study

An intervention focusing on healthy lifestyle practices, patient activation, and the perceived link between daily activity and health through various mechanisms of action.

Productive aging

A construct emphasizing positive aspects of aging where activities mark the ways people contribute to their own health, families, communities, and society.

Aging well

A definition emphasizing health, activity, personal growth, happiness, independence, relationships, and appreciation of life.

Nocturia

When an individual needs to wake up and urinate $2$ times or more during the night.

Universal design

A process that enables and empowers a diverse population by improving human performance, health and wellness, and social participation.

Principles of Universal Design

1. Equitable use, 2. Flexibility in use, 3. Simple and intuitive use. (Note: Culturally representative is not a principle).

Stress incontinence

Involuntary leakage often triggered by coughing, which increases intra-abdominal pressure.

Neglect (Elder Abuse)

A type of abuse evidenced by inadequate care, such as a caregiver allowing an elder to wear thin clothing in cold weather.

Anorexia of aging

Decreased appetite or food intake leading to an inability to maintain body weight in the normal range.

Goals of addressing abuse/neglect/mistreatment

1. Address medical problems, 2. Secure safety, and 3. Restore a sense of control/empowerment.

Chronic condition

A medical condition that has lasted more than a year and requires ongoing medical attention.

OT strategies for preventing patient agitation

Modifying the environment to remove triggers, monitoring personal comfort, and simplifying tasks while adapting routines.

Interventions for carepartner burnout

Establishing boundaries and taking vacation or rest days.

OT role in dry, cracked skin

Limited to screening and referral out to podiatry or dermatology.

Hypertension Stage 1

A blood pressure measurement of $$130/85$ ext{ mmHg}$.

Aerobic exercises

Exercises performed 'with oxygen' at lower intensity for a longer duration, such as walking, swimming, hiking, or jumping rope.

Fecal incontinence management

Interventions include wearing absorbent pads, making diet changes, and using medication.

Balance training progression

Increasing difficulty by narrowing the base of support, changing the supportiveness of the ground, or decreasing proprioceptive sensation.

Arthritis management strategies

Participating in self-management education programs, being active, and maintaining a healthy weight.

Consequences of weight loss in older adults

Decreased bone mineral density and decreased muscle mass, leading to poor activity tolerance.

Skin tear

An acute wound resulting from separation of skin layers caused by mechanical forces such as shear, friction, or trauma.

OT considerations for cancer

Involves disease management and role assessment, but typically excludes insurance coverage.

Polypharmacy nuance

Taking $5$ different medications is not inherently polypharmacy if they are for different conditions and from different classes.

Proper positioning for eating

Hips, knees, and feet at $90^{\circ}$, weight evenly distributed, and head upright with a slight forward angle.

Compassion fatigue

A secondary traumatic stress disorder where empathic care partners indirectly experience the trauma of their patients.

OT medication involvement

Includes comprehensive medication reviews, patient/family education, and supporting medication adherence.

Risk factors for elder abuse

Living arrangement/locale, isolation, decreased functional capacity/dependence, and major NCD (dementia) or mental illness.

Medications generally avoided in older adults

Drugs that cause confusion, increase fall risk, or have high toxicity, such as First Generation Antihistamines.

Age-related skin changes

The skin becomes dry, rough, itchy, transparent, and fragile.

Skin tear levels (Types 1-3)

Type 1: no tissue loss; Type 2: partial tissue loss; Type 3: complete tissue loss and no epidermal flap.

Decubitus ulcer locations

More likely to occur over bony prominences such as the sacrum, ischium, and trochanters.

Skin tear preventative interventions

Trimming fingernails, removing jewelry, padding furniture, covering skin with clothing or stockinettes, and using pH-balanced products.

Neuropathic pain

Chronic pain resulting from damage or dysfunction in the peripheral or central nervous system.

General guidance for suicidal ideation

Be clear and use actual words (avoid euphemisms), do not promise secrecy, and always seek guidance.

Predictors of loneliness

Size and diversity of social network, physical isolation, and age.

Barriers to sexual expression

Physiological changes, disability and disease, and attitudes.

Ex-PLISSIT model

Includes 1. Extended permission giving, 2. Limited information, and 3. Specific suggestions.

OT pre-prosthetic role

Involvement in balance, body control, and wheelchair management.

DIMS and DOES

DIMS: Disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep (fatigue). DOES: Disorders of excessive somnolence (sleepiness).

Sleep hygiene

Healthy habits, behaviors, and environmental factors contributing to regular, quality sleep.

End-of-life occupational focus

A shift toward being and belonging occupations rather than doing occupations; focuses on occupational participation rather than performance.

Consequences of lower-limb amputation

Pain, depression, and changes in body image.

Residual limb care steps

Removing the prosthesis, checking the skin, washing with mild soap and water, and drying the limb thoroughly.