LEC 9 - Cellular Respiration PPT

Acetyl CoA

The product of the preparatory reaction, which converts pyruvate. It's a reactant in the Citric Acid Cycle.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The main energy currency for cells that powers cellular activities. Energy is released when the bond between the last two phosphate groups is broken.

Aerobic Respiration

A metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP. It occurs when oxygen is present. Its summary equation is C6​H12​O6​ + O2​ → CO2​ + H2​O + 36-38 ATP.

Alcohol Fermentation

A type of anaerobic respiration used by plants, yeast, and some microbes. Its summary equation is C6​H12​O6​ → 2 CO2​ + ethanol + 2 ATP.

Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)

A metabolic pathway that occurs in the absence of oxygen. It includes glycolysis followed by fermentation in the cytosol.

Cellular Respiration

The metabolic process where energy is released from the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP.

Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle

The third phase of aerobic respiration, where acetyl CoA is broken down in a series of reactions. It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and produces NADH, FADH2, and ATP.

Cytosol

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm where glycolysis and fermentation occur.

Disaccharide

A type of carbohydrate, such as sucrose, that is composed of two monosaccharides.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) & Chemiosmosis

The final phase of aerobic respiration, where electrons from NADH and FADH2 are used to produce a large amount of ATP. This process occurs on the cristae membranes of the mitochondria.

FADH₂

An electron carrier molecule produced during the Citric Acid Cycle. Its electrons are used in the ETC to generate ATP.

Glycolysis

The first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, where glucose is oxidized to produce two molecules of pyruvate. It occurs in the cytosol and does not require oxygen.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of anaerobic respiration used by animals and some microbes. Its summary equation is C6​H12​O6​ → lactate + 2 ATP.

Monosaccharide

A simple sugar, like glucose or fructose, that is the starting molecule for cellular respiration.

NADH

An electron carrier molecule produced during glycolysis, the preparatory reaction, and the Citric Acid Cycle. Its electrons are used in the ETC to generate ATP.

Preparatory Reaction

The second phase of aerobic respiration that converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA. It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

Pyruvate

The three-carbon molecule that is the end product of glycolysis.

Respirometer

An instrument used to measure the rate of fermentation by measuring the amount of gas (like CO₂) produced.

Anaphase

The phase of mitosis where centromeres split, and sister chromatids (now daughter chromosomes) are pulled to opposite sides of the cell.

Angiogenesis

The process of forming new blood vessels, a characteristic of cancer cells.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death, which cancer cells are able to avoid.

Binary Fission

The method of cell division used by prokaryotic cells, where the cell increases in size, replicates its DNA, and then divides into two daughter cells.

Cancer

A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division, resulting from mutations in the cell's DNA.

Cell Cycle

The life cycle of a eukaryotic cell, which includes interphase and mitosis (nuclear division) followed by cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division).

Cell Plate

The structure that forms in plant cells during cytokinesis to create a new cell wall between the two daughter cells.

Centromere

The region where two identical sister chromatids are joined together.

Centrosome

The microtubule-organizing organelle in animal cells that forms the mitotic spindle.

Chromatin

The elongated, thread-like form of DNA found within the nucleus when the cell is not dividing.

Chromosome

A condensed structure of DNA and protein that becomes visible during mitosis.

Cleavage Furrow

The indentation that forms in the plasma membrane of an animal cell during cytokinesis to divide the cytoplasm.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm that follows mitosis, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

Diploid

Having two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. Mitosis produces diploid daughter cells from a diploid parent cell.

Haploid

Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

Kinetochore

The protein complex on a chromatid where the mitotic spindle fibers attach during cell division.

Metaphase

The phase of mitosis where sister chromatids align along the center of the cell (the metaphase plate).

Metastasis

The spread of malignant cancer cells from an original tumor to new parts of the body.

Mitosis

The process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells that results in two daughter nuclei genetically identical to the parent nucleus. Its main functions are growth, development, and repair.

Mitotic Spindle

The apparatus of microtubule fibers that organizes and separates sister chromatids during mitosis.

Prophase

The first phase of mitosis, where chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the mitotic spindle forms.

Proto-oncogenes

Genes that normally promote cell division but can be mutated into oncogenes, causing cancer.

Sister Chromatids

Two identical copies of a single replicated chromosome that are joined at the centromere.

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells that can divide to produce more stem cells or differentiate into specialized cell types.

Telophase

The final phase of mitosis, where chromosomes decondense back into chromatin and new nuclear membranes form.

Tumor

A mass of abnormal cells (neoplasm) that can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes that normally inhibit cell division