Cardiovascular System Part 1

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

1. Heart: pumps blood, maintains blood pressure

2. Blood vessels

3. Blood

What are the types of blood vessels? What are the functions?

• Arteries: carry blood AWAY

• Veins: returns blood to heart

• Capillaries: exchange sites between blood and interstitial fluid

What are the functions of the blood?

1. Transport gases, nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes

2. Regulate pH (acidity levels) and ions

3. Restrict fluid loss; blood clot

4. Defend against toxins/pathogens

5. Stabilize body temperature

How are metabolic wastes removed from blood? Examples?

• Removed by kidney

  • NH4+ (ammonia) and urea

How are nutrients placed in blood?

• Digestive system places nutrients in blood

How are hormones placed in blood?

• Released/placed by endocrine system

What are the ions that blood regulates?

• Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, PO43-

How does blood affect high and low body temperature?

• High body temp; blood closer to skin

• Low body temp; blood directed to brain, internal organs

What is blood?

• Fluid connective tissue

What percentage does plasma and formed elements make up whole blood?

• Plasma; 55%

• Formed elements; 45%

What is plasma?

• Interstitial fluid; containing water, ions, small solutes

  • gases

  • dissolved proteins

What are formed elements?

• Cells and its fragments

  • WBCs, RBCs, platelets (cell fragments)

What is hematocrit?

• Percentage of whole blood from formed elements

What are the plasma proteins? From most abundant to least adundant?

1. Albumins

2. Globulins

3. Fibrinogen

4. Hormones

What is the function of albumins in plasma?

MOST abundant

• Control recruitment of H2O; osmotic pressure

What are the types of globulins? Functions?

2nd to Most Abundant

• Antibodies (immunoglobulins): attack foreign pathogens, proteins

• Transport globulins: bind ions, hormones, and lipids

What is the function of the fibrinogens in plasma?

2 to Least Abundant

• Blood clotting using insoluble fibrin strands

  • attracts/works with platelets

What are hormones in plasma?

LEAST abundant

• Chemical messengers

What percentage of plasma do the proteins make up?

• 7%

What are the plasma solutes? What is their percentage of the plasma?

1%

• Electrolytes

• Organic nutrients

• Organic wastes

What are electrolytes (ions) in plasma?

Plasma Solute

• Vital for cellular activities

  • K+, Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-

What are the organic nutrients in plasma?

Plasma solutes

• Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates

  • arrive from digestive system

What are the organic wastes in plasma?

Plasma Solutes

• Waste from tissues (urea, NH4+)

What is mostly makes up plasma?

• Water, 92&%

What is the function of platelets?

Formed Elements

• Cell fragments involved in blood clotting

What is the function of RBCs and WBCs?

Formed Elements

• RBCs (Erythrocytes): O2 and CO2 transport

• WBCs (Leukocytes): bodily defense, immunity

What is most abundant in the formed elements?

• Red blood cells

What is hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis? Where is it occur?

• Development of formed elements

  • Occurs in red bone marrow

What are hemocytoblasts?

• Stem cells that will differentiate into RBCs and WBCs

What are the two types of stem cells that hemocytoblasts produce?

1. Lymphoid stem cells

2. Myeloid stem cells

What do lymphoid stem cell produce? Where do they originate?

• Produce lymphocytes only (WBC)

  • originate in red bone marrow

  • migrate to lymphoid tissues

What do myeloid stem cells produce?

• Produce; RBCs, megakaryocytes (platelets), and all other WBCs

What are the functional aspects of red blood cells?

• Large surface area to volume ratio

• RBCs form stacks: rouleaux

• Flexible

What are RBCs packed with? What does their shape allow for?

• Packed with hemoglobin; contains heme carrying O2 and CO2

• Shape; allows O2 exchange

What does the rouleaux of red blood cells allow?

• Rouleaux (stacks); allow RBCs to transport in capillaries (small vessels)

What is the flexibility of RBCs used for?

• To move through narrow capillaries

What occurs to RBCs during development?

RBC characteristics

• Lose most organelles

• Lack nuclei (anucleate); lack ribosomes

  • can't make proteins

What is the life span of RBCs?

• Less than 120 days (4 months)

  • will die and be recycled

What is the main function of the red blood cells? What proteins do they use to do this?

• Transport respiratory gases

  • Hemoglobin: protein used to transport gases

How many heme units in one hemoglobin? What is heme?

• 4 heme units; in 1 hemoglobin

  • Heme: contains iron

What is oxyhemoglobin? What color?

• Heme unit iron and binds to O2 molecule

  • makes oxygenated blood bright red

What is deoxyhemoglobin? What color?

• Hemoglobin not bound to O2; carying CO2

  • lack of oxygen, dark red

What happens at the end of RBC life?

• Hemolysis: plasma membrane ruptures

What is the function of spleen?

• Macrophages recycles destroyed RBCs; engulfing

What is erythropoesis? Where does it occur?

• Formation of RBCs

  • From myeloid stem cells of red bone marrow

What can fatty yellow bone marrow convert to?

• Convert to red bone marrow when sustaining blood loss

How are WBCs (leukocytes) different from RBCs?

• Contains nuclei and organelles

  • NO hemoglobin

What are the 5 types of white blood cells? From most to least abundant?

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

1. Neutrophiles

2. Lymphocytes

3. Monocytes —> become macrophages

4. Eosinophils

5. Basophils

What are the 2 types of WBCs?

1. Granular leukocytes

2. Agranular leukocytes

What are the granular leukocytes?

• Granular leukocytes: contains granules (vesicles and lysosomes)

  • Neutrophils

  • Eosinophils

  • Basophils

What are the agranular leukocytes?

• Agranular leukocytes: non visible granules (no vesicles/lysosomes)

  • Monocytes (macrophages)

  • Lymphocytes

What is the function of neutrophils?

• Phagocytic cells engulfing (endocytosis) pathogens in injured tissue

  • kills own cells

What is the function of the lymphocytes?

• Produce antibodies (immunoglobulins); seek foreign substances (antigens)

  • cells of lymphatic system

What is the function of the monocytes (macrophages)?

• Engulf debris; recycle RBC in spleen

  • enter tissue become macrophages

What is the function of eosinophils?

• Phagocytic cells engulfing antibody labeled materials and parasitic infections

What is the function of basophils?

• Release histamine and cause inflammation (brings blood)

  • allergies

What are antigens?

• Substances that may illicit an immune response

  • if recognized by corresponding antibodies

What are antibodies?

• Seek and destroy foreign antigens

  • YOUR antibodies will not destroy YOUR antigens

What are surface antigens?

• On plasma membrane; recognized as self or normal by immune system (antibodies)

How is blood type determined? What are the 4 types?

• Determined by surface antigens

  1. Type A

  2. Type B

  3. Type AB

  4. Type O

What is the antigen and antibody of Type A blood?

• Antigen A

• Antibodies; Anti-B (seeking antigen B)

What is the antigen and antibody of Type B blood?

• Antigen B

• Antibodies; Anti-A (seeking antigen A)

What is the antigen and antibody of Type AB blood?

• Antigen A and B

• No antibodies in plasma

  • universal recipient

What is the antigen and antibody of Type O blood?

• No antigens on surface

  • universal donor

• Antibodies; seeking both Anti-A and Anti-B

  • can ONLY receive type O

What are surface antigens also known as?

• Surface antigens; agglutinogens

What are antibodies also known as?

• Antibodies; agglutinins

What is agglutination? How does this happen?

• Agglutination: clumping of RBCs

  • antigens of another blood type exposed to antibodies

What is an example of agglutination?

• Giving type A blood to someone who is type B

What is the reaction of agglutination called? What can it cause?

• Cross reaction: forms clumps blocking blood vessels cutting blood supply

  • hemolysis

What is the Rh blood group?

Another type of blood (like Type A/B)

• Rh group; based on presence or absence of Rh surface antigen on RBCs

What is Rh positive? Its antigen and antibody?

• Presence of Rh surface antigen

  • no Rh antigens in plasma

What is Rh negative? Its antigen and antibody?

• Absence of Rh surface antigen

  • contains Rh antibody in plasma

What will happen if an Rh negative person is given Rh positive blood?

• Antibodies (immune system) will attack blood

  • Agglutination

NOT vice versa

What will happen if an Rh positive person is given Rh negative blood?

• No antibodies will attack; LACK antibodies

• Can receive both Rh + and -