apes semester test

Which of the following is not an abiotic factor?

Bacteria

Which of the following is a biotic factor?

Producers

Which of the following are biotic? I. Decomposers II. Energy flow III. Producers

I and III

Which of the following best describes an ecosystem?

All biotic and abiotic factors

Choose the correct sequence for energy flow within an ecosystem.

Producers herbivores carnivores scavengers

Of the following, which are products of photosynthesis? I. Glucose II. Carbon dioxide III. Water

I only

Which of the following are needed for photosynthesis?

Water, solar energy and carbon dioxide

Which group of organisms performs photosynthesis?

Autotrophs

Which of the following shows the complex interactions between species within an ecosystem?

Food web

Which of the following is the approximate efficiency of the energy transfer as energy flows through the food chain?

10%

How is the majority of energy within an ecosystem lost?

Heat loss

What law best relates to energy loss within an ecosystem?

Second law of thermodynamics

Humans have a considerable effect on the hydrologic cycle. Which of the following has a direct effect on this cycle? I. Deforestation II. Urbanization III. Mining of fossil fuels

I, II and III

Which stage of the hydrologic cycle can be the most direct cause of algal blooms?

Runoff

Which element is the primary component of fossil fuels?

Carbon

What relatively recent development is greatly impacting the carbon cycle?

Combustion of fossil fuels

What is a possible result of an increased amount of CO2 in the atmosphere?

Increase in global temperature

What impact does deforestation have on the carbon cycle?

Increase in amount of CO2 in the atmosphere

Which element is the most abundant in the atmosphere?

Nitrogen

What group of organisms is primarily responsible for the processes that occur in the nitrogen cycle?

Bacteria

When nutrients are transported through soil with water, this process is known as:

Leaching

What is a watershed?

Area of land that drains to a water body

A new field has developed that focuses on restoring damaged ecosystems. This field is known as:

Restoration ecology

Which ecosystems are considered to be the most diverse?

Ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbance

Which of the following would be considered an instrumental value of an ecosystem?

Use of lumber from forest

Products obtained from nature that humans can use such as lumber, medicines and food crops are known as:

Provisions

Which of the following has the biggest impact on the resilience of an ecosystem?

Amount of genetic biodiversity of the ecosystem

After a disturbance such as a forest fire, an ecosystem recovered very rapidly. This is an example of an ecosystem that has:

High resilience

Processes that help to balance the ecosystems, such as balancing nutrient cycling, are known as:

Regulating services

Another name for a producer is a(n):

Autotroph

In the hydrologic cycle, evaporation:

Is caused by heat from the Sun

What are the physical products of cellular respiration?

Water and carbon dioxide

The aesthetic beauty of a forest is an example of:

A cultural service

Which of the following types of organisms carry out cellular respiration? I. Autotrophs II. Scavengers III. Secondary consumers

I, II, and III

Which of the following is not a part of the carbon cycle?

Transpiration

Water that moves across the surface of the land into streams and rivers is called:

Runoff

Which of the following is the best description of a region's climate?

The average temperature and precipitation over several decades

In which level of the atmosphere does weather occur?

Troposphere

Which level of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer?

Stratosphere

What is the importance of the ozone layer?

It absorbs incoming UV rays

What best describes the density of the atmosphere?

It decreases as you increase in altitude

Which of the following is the best description of albedo?

The ability of an object to reflect light

What is the overall direction of global air currents at the equator?

Air rises at the equator

What is the cause of the differing seasons of the Earth?

The tilt of the Earth on its axis

What is a positive effect of upwelling?

Creates an area of high nutrient levels along the coast

Where is upwelling most likely to occur?

Along the west coasts of continents

As water freezes or evaporates, what happens to the salinity of the remaining ocean water?

Salinity increases as water evaporates, decreases as water freezes

In what location does El Niño occur?

Tropical Pacific Ocean

You observe a mountain that has lush vegetation on one side and a dry desert on the other side. What would be the most likely explanation for your observations?

The rain shadow effect

Which biome is characterized by the presence of permafrost?

Tundra

Boreal forests tend to have a thick layer of organic material but the soil is poor in nutrients. What is the best explanation for this?

Low precipitation rates and cold temperatures slow decomposition

Which of the following are examples of wetlands? I. Swamps II. Marshes III. Bogs

I, II, and III

Which of the following is not an ecological service provided by wetlands?

Heavily used for agriculture due to high nutrient content

What biome has warm temperatures, high precipitation, and little seasonal variation due to its location near the equator?

Tropical rainforest

Which biome has some low-growing vegetation, but cannot support trees because of a permanently frozen layer of soil?

Tundra

In the diagram, in which zone would you find phytoplankton, but not rooted plants?

C

In the diagram, in which zone does most photosynthesis occur?

B

In the diagram, which of the zones is the benthic zone?

D

Which zone in the diagram is home to some decomposers, but no producers?

E

What is most significant when determining the diversity of an ecosystem?

The number of species present

What factors are used to determine what constitutes a species? I. Physically distinct from other groups of organisms II. Can interbreed with others from the same group III. Shares the same habitat as other groups of organisms

I and II

The most reasonable estimate of number of species alive is closest to:

10 million species

Which of the following are measurements used to measure diversity within an ecosystem? I. Species wealth II. Species richness III. Species evenness

II and III

Which of the following is the best description of species evenness?

The relative dominance of each species within an ecosystem

Which of the following measures of biodiversity takes into account the number of species present and the relative abundance of the species present?

Shannon's Index

Which of the following is the best description of evolution?

The genetic change within a population over time

Which of the following are processes in which evolution occurs? I. Artificial selection II. Natural selection III. Genetic Drift

I, II, and III

Which process can be controlled most directly by humans?

Artificial selection

Which of the following is the best example of artificial selection?

Breeding of horses for speed

When natural selection occurs, what is the key factor that will determine which individuals will survive and pass on the beneficial traits?

The environment will determine which traits are most beneficial

Which of the following processes of evolution is not random?

Artificial selection

When a population suddenly reduces in size either from habitat loss, natural disaster or other changes in the environment, its genetic variation is affected. This is known as:

Bottleneck effect

Which of the following does not contribute to the increase in biodiversity of an ecosystem?

Habitat loss

A population of rabbits with typical variations of traits lives in a meadow with a depression that runs through the middle. This is an example of:

Allopatric speciation

Which of the following is not an example of geographic isolation?

Sympatric speciation

If allopatric speciation has occurred after a population has split into two distinct populations, what is the most likely result if the two species were reunited after many generations?

The two populations would not be able to interbreed

Which of the following pairs would increase the rate of evolution within a species?

Short generation time and large population size

Which of the following would result in the highest rate of evolution?

A rapidly changing environment

Which of the following would have the least effect on how successful a species is at adapting to a new environment?

Amount of parental care

Which of the following situations would lead to the most rapid rate of evolution?

Natural selection

Which type of species would be most vulnerable to environmental changes?

Niche specialists

Which of the following would not be considered when determining the fundamental niche of a species?

Reproductive rate

What is the pH range of tolerance for species 1?

8-11

Using the data, what is the pH range for the fundamental niche for species 2?

5-9

How would you classify species 2?

Niche specialist

Approximately what percentage of species that have lived on the planet is now thought to be extinct?

99%

How would a collision with a meteorite lead to a worldwide, mass extinction?

A large meteorite would produce a dust cloud that blocked sunlight, reducing photosynthesis

According to the fossil record, the number of genera of plants and animals that have been present on Earth has:

Varied greatly over the last 500 million years

Which of the following is not considered to be contributing to the current increase in extinction rates?

Natural selection

Which of the communities listed is most diverse overall?

Community 2

Which of the communities listed has the highest species evenness?

Community 4

Which of the communities listed most clearly represents a community with low species evenness?

Community 2

Which of the communities listed would be least vulnerable to the effects of environmental disturbances?

Community 1

The variety of genes within a species is called its

Genetic diversity

The change in genetic composition of a population over time is called

Evolution

What occurs when a small group from a population colonizes a new area?

Founder effect

The physical expression of an organism's genes is called its

Phenotype

Which term refers to the variety of ecosystems within a region?

Ecosystem diversity

In a small population, when genotypes are lost by chance it is called

Genetic drift

Which of the following decreases genetic variation? I. Bottleneck effect II. Mutation III. Genetic drift

I and III