chem 2 exam 4 chapter 18

what happend when you add each

weak acids

• Acetic acid: CH3COOH (organic) or

  

• Hydrofluoric acid: HF

Strong Acids

• Hydrochloric acid: (HCl)

• Hydrobromic acid: (HBr)

• Hydroiodic acid: (HI)

• Sulfuric acid: (H₂SO₄)

• Nitric acid: (HNO₃)

• Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)

• Perchloric acid: (HClO₄)

• Chloric acid: (HClO₃)

Strong Bases

• Sodium Hydroxide: NaOH

• Potassium Hydroxide: KOH

Weak bases

• Ammonia: NH3

• Amine (organic):  R [any organic compound] -NH2

• Aniline (organic):C6H5NH2

• Pyridine (organic):C5H5N

• Sodium Bicarbonate: NaHCO3

• Sodium Carbonate: Na2CO3

pka

-log(ka)

Henderson Equation —> ONLY FOR BUFFERS

number of moles

the volume in liters

BUFFER EFFECTIVENESS: 1. Buffer capacity

A good buffer can nuetralize higher amounts of external acid/base

The amount of acid and cojugate base—

equal amounts—> higher capacity—> better the buffer—> ph=7

• Higher [acid] and [conjugate base] is more effective

  • higher [acid] is more effective if we are adding external base

  • higher [base] is more effective if we are adding external acid

BUFFER EFFECTIVENESS: Buffer range

Range 0-10 times [base]/[acid]

OR [base]/[acid]= .1-10

ph= pka-1 and ph= pka+1  

• all of the external acid (HCl) is used to destroy the base, so pick the answer with the one that has the same amount of base

will it become acidic/ basic when adding….

• Neutral solution (pH ≈ 7): Formed from a strong acid and a strong base (e.g., NaCl, KNO₃).

• Acidic solution (pH < 7): Formed from a strong acid and a weak base (e.g., NH₄Cl).

• Basic solution (pH > 7): Formed from a weak acid and a strong base (e.g., NaCH₃COO, KCN).

titration curve

Equivalence point-

N.O of moles of titrant= # moles of reactant

excess

molar solubility

common ion effect

ligands

they increase solubility and maek it more favorable

complex compound

chemical structures with a central metal atom or ion bonded to surrounding ligands

Summary of Q vs. Ksp

Comparison Meaning Result

Q < Ksp Unsaturated More solid dissolves

Q = Ksp Saturated System at equilibrium

Q > Ksp Supersaturated Precipitation occurs