Neuron Doctrine

Lecture 5

Cell Theory

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells

2. Cells are the basic structure and organization in organisms

3. All cells come from preexisting cells

Micrographia

Book by Robert Hooke - first images of microscopic world

Animalcules

name of germs - Anton Van Leeuwenhook

Neuron Doctrine

1. The neuron is the fudamnetal structural and function element of the brain

2. Axon terminals meet dendrites

3. Connection specificity

4. Dynamic polarization

Parts of a Neuron

Cell Body - Nucleus

Contains DNA

Cell Body - Rough ER

hold the ribsomes

Cell Body - Ribosomes

Produce Proteins

Protein Production

Central Dogma - DNA → RNA → Protein through transcription and translation and use of mRNA

Cell Body - Mitochondria

Extract EnergyM

Mitochondria Origin

Infection? Orginally a bacteria

Mitochondria Disease - DiGeorge’s syndroym

build up of mitochondrial waster in neurons leadering to damage in other parts of the cells → antioxidants such as tomato paste helped prevent damage

Cell Body - Smooth ER

Produces Lipids and folds proteins

Cell Body - Gogli Apparatus

packages proteins in vesicles

Lipids

creates membrane of cells → phosopholipid bilayer

Membrane Origin

evolved early on in the origin of life → calcium ions (from comet because they would rise on the moon) would damage RNA by binding to it and so the membranes would protect RNA and decide what can go in and out

Actin/Myosin Rings

deal with tears in the membrane, trigers to contract via calciu presence, origin of muscles?, vesciel formation origin to store and transport neurotramitters

Change in Actin/Myosin Rings

Before → triggered by a tear in the membrane
Now → receptors can open to lets in calcium in controlled amounts to trigger vesicle formation

Na/K Pump

2 K in for every 3 Na out, active transport channel

Longest Human Neuron

Sciatic Nerve

4 bumps during fish stage of development

in fish → turn into gills
in humans → turn into laryingal nerve

Laryingal Nerve

Cytoskeleton Parts

Myelin
Microtubule
Neurofilament
Microfilament

Microtubules

Maintain cell structure
Transport materials (Anterograde - towards axon terminal, retrograde - towards cell body)

Proteins moving from cell body to axon terminal