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Economic pull factors urbanisation
Employment opportunities, Higher wages/stable income, Informal sector
Urbanisation
Increasing % of population living in urban areas
Social pull factors urbanisation
Access to infrastructure, social mobility and independence
Environmental pull factors urbanisation
Less vulnerable to climate related hazards
Push factors urbanisation
Mechanisation of agriculture, Environmental stress, Conflict, Lack of services
Natural increase urbanisation
Young migrants are healthy and fertile, high rates of demographic momentum
Social consequences of urbanisation
Increased social provision and cultural diversity, growth of slums and inequality
Economic consequences of urbanisation
Agglomeration economies, Attract FDI, Large labour pool, Unemployment and cost of living
Environmental consequences of urbanisation
Pollution, loss of biodiversity, waste management
Suburbanisation
Growth of residential areas into rural-urban fringes
What drives suburbanisation
Desire for land, low crime and increase of commuters
Effects of suburbanisation
Urban sprawl, social segregation, decentrelaisation
Counter-urbanisation
Net migration from urban to rural areas
What drives counter-urbanisation
ICT improvements, lifestyle changes, affordability
Effects of counter-urbanisation
Population change and infrastructure pressure on rural areas
Urban resurgence
Economic revival of a city