3.2.2.1 Urbanisation

Economic pull factors urbanisation

Employment opportunities, Higher wages/stable income, Informal sector

Urbanisation

Increasing % of population living in urban areas

Social pull factors urbanisation

Access to infrastructure, social mobility and independence

Environmental pull factors urbanisation

Less vulnerable to climate related hazards

Push factors urbanisation

Mechanisation of agriculture, Environmental stress, Conflict, Lack of services

Natural increase urbanisation

Young migrants are healthy and fertile, high rates of demographic momentum

Social consequences of urbanisation

Increased social provision and cultural diversity, growth of slums and inequality

Economic consequences of urbanisation

Agglomeration economies, Attract FDI, Large labour pool, Unemployment and cost of living

Environmental consequences of urbanisation

Pollution, loss of biodiversity, waste management

Suburbanisation

Growth of residential areas into rural-urban fringes

What drives suburbanisation

Desire for land, low crime and increase of commuters

Effects of suburbanisation

Urban sprawl, social segregation, decentrelaisation

Counter-urbanisation

Net migration from urban to rural areas

What drives counter-urbanisation

ICT improvements, lifestyle changes, affordability

Effects of counter-urbanisation

Population change and infrastructure pressure on rural areas

Urban resurgence

Economic revival of a city