3.2.2.1 Urbanisation

Economic pull factors urbanisation

Employment opportunities, Higher wages/stable income, Informal sector

Urbanisation

Increasing % of population living in urban areas

Social pull factors urbanisation

Access to infrastructure, social mobility and independence

Environmental pull factors urbanisation

Less vulnerable to climate related hazards

Push factors urbanisation

Mechanisation of agriculture, Environmental stress, Conflict, Lack of services

Natural increase urbanisation

Young migrants are healthy and fertile, high rates of demographic momentum

Social consequences of urbanisation

Increased social provision and cultural diversity, growth of slums and inequality

Economic consequences of urbanisation

Agglomeration economies, Attract FDI, Large labour pool, Unemployment and cost of living

Environmental consequences of urbanisation

Pollution, loss of biodiversity, waste management

Suburbanisation

Growth of residential areas into rural-urban fringes

What drives suburbanisation

Desire for land, low crime and increase of commuters

Effects of suburbanisation

Urban sprawl, social segregation, decentrelaisation

Counter-urbanisation

Net migration from urban to rural areas

What drives counter-urbanisation

ICT improvements, lifestyle changes, affordability

Effects of counter-urbanisation

Population change and infrastructure pressure on rural areas

Urban resurgence

Economic revival of a city

What drives urban resurgence

Government schemes, private development and modern city life

What are the consequences of urban resurgence

Employment clusters, tourism (Birmingham Jewelery Quarter) and uneven postmodern urbanism

Urban regeneration

Investment to revitalise derelict/declining areas

What drives urban regeneration

Market led, state led and partnership schemes

Deindustrialisation

Decline of manufacturing industries

Drivers of deindustrialisation

Globalisation, mechanisation and high labour costs

Consequences of deindustrialisation

Inner city decline, counter urbanisation

Changing urban forms

Postmodern cities involving gated communities, business districts and edge cities

Globalisation

Increasing interconnectedess of economies, cultures and societies

Green Belt Policy

Protects rural land and sets boundaries for cities to prevent urban sprawl

Benefits of the Green Belt Policy

Restrains suburbanisation and encourages re urbanisation

Failures of the Green Belt policy

Creates housing pressure

Urban Development Corporations

Regenerate derelict land through public private partnerships

Benefits of Urban Development Corporations

Created Canaey Wharf and the DLR, drives re urbanisation and urban resurgence

Negatives of Urban Development Corporations

Create social inequality, gentrification and exclusion of locals

City Challange

Community and council led regeneration through funding bids

Benefits of City Challenge

Reverses inner city decline (Hulme park) and supports re urbanisation (mixed tenure housing)

Urban primacy

One city dominates a country’s economic and political landscape

What caused urban primacy

Colonial legacy, market contraction, political centralisation and migration

Advantages of urban primacy

Attracts FDI and boosts economy, efficient use of resources

Disadvantages of urban primacy

Regional inequality, overburdened infrastructure, slums