Chapter 11 Mass Society and Democracy

Identify the main elements of the 1st and 2nd Industrial Revolution.

1st: Iron, coal, textiles, and railroads; 2nd: Steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum.

Why did steel replace iron?

Steel was used to build lighter, smaller, and faster machines as well as railways, ships, and weapons.

Identify Henry Bessemer.

Made the Bessemer Process which created high-quality steel efficiently and cheaply.

Identify the importance of electricity.

It was a new form of energy that could be transformed into heat, light, motion, and moved easily through wires.

Identify Thomas Edison and Joseph Swann.

Thomas Edison(US) and Joseph Swan(Great Britain) made the lightbulb.

Identify Alexander Graham Bell.

He invented the first telephone in 1876.

Identify Guglielmo Marconi.

Sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic Ocean.

Identify the effect that electricity had on factories and homes.

Homes had electrical lights, subways, and streetcars. Factories had conveyor belts, cranes, and machines as well as electrical lights.

Identify the modes of transportation that was created with the use of the internal combustion engine.

Ocean Liners, Oil-fired engines, airplanes, and automobiles.

Identify Orville and Wilbur Wright.

Made the first airplane.

Identify the first passenger air service.

Because of Orville and WIlbur's flight in a fixed wing plane, the first passenger air services were established by 1919.

What allowed citizens to buy more goods?

Wages for the workers increased after 1870 and prices for manufactured goods lowered because of reduced transportation costs.

How did non-industrialized nations contribute during the Industrial Revolution?

Non-Industrialized nations provided food and raw materials to industrialized nations.

Describe a true world economy.

A true world economy is the economies of all the nations across the world that trade and buy goods.

What allowed Europe to dominate the world economy in 1900?

Europe dominated this world economy by receiving goods like beef and wool from Argentina and Australia, coffee from Brazil, iron ore from Algeria, and sugar from Java. Europe as well had capital invested in railways, mines, electrical power plants, and banks. Foreign countries provided markets for European goods.

Describe Marx's beliefs on capitalism.

He did not like capitalism; he thought it was the main reason why the working conditions for the working class were the way they were.

Identify what one form of Marxist socialism eventually turned into.

One form of Marxist socialism eventually turned into communism.

Identify the oppressed and oppressors according to Marx.

Oppressed→Working class; Oppressors→Bourgeoisie (Middle Class).

According to Marx, how would capitalism be destroyed.

He believed that the oppressed should violently start a revolution against the bourgeoisie to overthrow them and create a dictatorship; this would create a classless society.

What was the Communist Manifesto?

It was a book made by two Germans, Marx and Friedrich Engels, and blamed industrial capitalism for bad working conditions.

Identify the difference between Pure Marxists and Revisionists.

Pure Marxists believe in taking violent measures in protest to capitalism while Revisionists believe in peaceful protests to end capitalism.

Identify an example of mass society (city).

Mass society is known as an urban area and examples include London, France, Prussia, and Russia. A mass society is a large group of people in one place. In London it went from 960,000 to 6,500,000.

What factors led to mass society?

Jobs factories, improvements in public health, and sanitation appealed to the mass amounts of people who flooded urban areas.

Describe the living conditions created by mass society.

The living conditions created by mass society were filthy and caused deadly epidemic diseases in the cities.

Identify what was done to fix these living conditions.

City governments created boards of health to improve housing quality. City medical officers and building inspectors were authorized to inspect dwellings for public health hazards. Regulations required running water and internal drainage systems for new buildings. Gas and electric heaters allowed hot baths.

Identify the upper class/elite in European society.

The upper class was known as the "wealthy elite". This group made up 5% of the population but controlled 30%-40% of all the wealth. The most successful industrialists, bankers, and merchants (the wealthy upper-middle class) joined with the upper class to form the new elite. Marriage also brought them together.

Identify white collar workers and describe their beliefs and ideals.

White collar workers still had beliefs of the middle class which was hard work and a good appearance-The Habits of Good Society (book) represented etiquette and beliefs of the middle class. Victorian Britain was the model of middle class society.

Describe the working class and identify who was at the bottom of that class.

The working class consisted of the Landholding peasants from rural areas and urban working class. Landholding peasants were farm laborers and sharecroppers. Urban workers are skilled artisans, semi skilled laborers, or unskilled domestic servants. Unskilled laborers were at the bottom of the class. (most were unskilled laborers).

Identify and describe day laborers and domestic servants.

Day laborer: one who works by the day or for daily wages especially as an unskilled laborer; Domestic servant: hired workers by private households for the performance of tasks such as housecleaning, cooking, child care, gardening, and personal service (Maid).

Describe how the 2nd Industrial Revolution brought women back into the workforce.

Because of the new white collar jobs that the 2nd industrial revolution was making, women were prompted to begin taking these white collar jobs like being a clerk, typist, secretary, or sales clerk. Middle class women held jobs in education, health, and social services but most of those positions were taken by working class women.

Identify why the birth rate declined during the era of mass society.

This decline was tied to improved economic conditions and increased use of birth control. First Birth control clinic in Amsterdam.

Describe the differences between middle class families and working class families.

Working class families usually had to all work in order to survive economically including their children. Middle class families did not have women or children working and they could depend on just their husbands income alone. Middle class families had more leisure time with their kids and family togetherness emerged (Christmas and Forth of July). These conditions for the working class changed when high paying jobs for working class men came about.

Identify the female pioneers that helped make nursing a true profession for women in the medical field.

Amalie Sieveking, a German nursing pioneer, made the Female Association for the care of the poor and sick. Florence Nightingale (a nurse in the Crimean War) and Clara Barton (US civil war) transformed nursing into a profession of trained, middle-class "women in white."

Identify Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters.

The Women's Social and Political Union, founded in 1903 by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters, used unusual publicity stunts to call attention to its demands. Its members pelted government officials with eggs, chained themselves to lampposts, and smashed department store windows.

Identify the need for government sponsored education.

Industrialization, patriotism, and voting. They needed education to train people for the jobs given in the Second Industrial revolution. (The chief motive for public education was political. Giving more people the right to vote created a need for better-educated voters. Even more importantly, primary schools instilled patriotism.)

What effect did government sponsored education have on women and society as a whole.

Most women were taking jobs as teachers and were trained in colleges to do so.

Identify how workers during the 2nd Industrial Revolution had more leisure time, and describe what they did with this new found leisure time.

They were allowed to have more free days off from work (evening hours, weekends, and a week or two in the summer) which they used to go to amusement parks, dance halls, and organized team sports became enjoyable ways for people to spend their leisure hours.

Identify examples of social reforms and democracy in Britain.

Increased male suffrage and women over 30 could vote. Trade unions: Grew and pushed for radical change; Labour Party: Dedicated itself to worker's issues. Liberals voted for social reforms, such as unemployment benefits and old-age pensions. The National Insurance Act of 1911 provided workers medical and unemployment insurance.

Describe how ministerial responsibility showed democracy in France.

The prime minister was responsible to the popularly elected legislative body, not to a king or president. The Premier was responsible to the Chamber of Deputies.

Identify and describe the issues that threatened Italy's democracy and unity.

Italy's north (Industrialized) and its south (Poor) were divided amongst each other creating social problems within the nation. There was constant turmoil between the two and the corrupted government could not fix the issues even with the establishment of Universal Male Suffrage.

Identify the European nations that supported democratic governments.

France, Italy, and Great Britain.

Describe Germany as a military power.

Germany, under William II, became the strongest military and industrial power in Europe.

Describe how Germany fought against establishing a democratic nation.

Otto Von Bismark did what he could to stop the nation from becoming democratic by making the ministers responsible to the emperor. Then conservatives diverted the people's attention by expanding their markets abroad to increase their profits.

Describe how Austria-Hungary fought against being a democratic nation.

The emperor, Francis Joseph, ignored the parliamentary system and ministerial responsibility and appointed & dismissed his own ministers. They also had other troubles like having multiple nationalities.

Describe "Bloody Sunday".

On January 22, 1905, a massive procession of workers went to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to present a petition of grievances to the czar. Nicholas II allowed troops to open fire on the peaceful demonstration, killing hundreds.

Describe the events that took place in Russia after "Bloody Sunday".

Nicholas II granted civil liberties to the people and created a legislative assembly-(Duma). He soon after curtailed the power of the Duma and went back to using his military and bureaucracy to rule Russia.

Identify the European nations that supported conservative nations.

Germany, Austria, and Russia.

Describe the conditions in the U.S. post Civil War. (Were there attempts at democracy for all citizens - {Civil War Amendments}? What happened?)

UNION REMAINED IN TACT, 1/5 OF THE ADULT WHITE MALES IN THE SOUTH WERE KILLED, 4 MILLION AFRICAN AMERICAN SLAVES FREED, 13th Amendment abolished slavery, 14TH Amendment gave CITIZENSHIP RIGHTS, 15TH Amendment gave the RIGHT TO VOTE TO AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES, NEW STATE LAWS STRIPPED THEM OF THIS RIGHT, 1880 - WHITE SUPREMACISTS IN POWER IN SOUTH

Identify Carnegie Steel Company.

It produced more steel than all of Great Britain.

Identify the U.S' economic status in 1900.

The U.S became the world's richest nation in 1900. 9% of Americans owned 70% of the wealth. They went from Agrarian to industrialized (steel and iron production and best in the world).

Describe the reasoning for labor unions in the U.S., and identify the results of them.

Unions were forced because there were unsafe working conditions and periods of unemployment.

Describe U.S. expansion abroad in Hawaii and after the Spanish-American War.

*U.S. ACQUIRED GUAM, PUERTO RICO, AND THE PHILIPPINES, THE FILIPINO PEOPLE WANTED INDEPENDENCE, THE U.S. REFUSED AND PACIFIED THE PEOPLE, 20TH Century - U.S. had an empire

Identify Henrik Ibsen and Emile Zola.

(they followed the naturalist style which meant it should be realistic and address social problems). They explored the role of women in society, as well as alcoholism and urban slums, in their work. They believed the external world, including art, was only a collection of symbols reflecting the true reality—the human mind.

Describe the impact that the Kodak camera had on society.

This camera, made by George Eastman, was able to mirror reality and expanded photography.

What was one of the chief pillars supporting the worldview of many Westerners in the 19th century?

Science

Identify Marie Curie.

She was a French woman who discovered radioactivity and the element radium which proved that atoms have a great deal more complexity.

Identify Albert Einstein.

German-born physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity; stated that space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer and matter is another form of energy.

What effect did technology have on people's religious views?

People began to look towards science for answers as opposed to religion.

***Describe the changes in artistry and literature - looking at modernism, realism, impressionism, post-impressionism, cubism, and functionalism.***

Impression was a movement that began in France in the 1870s, when a group of artists rejected indoor studios and went to the countryside to paint nature directly. Post-Impression refers to a genre that rejected the naturalism of Impressionism in favor of using color and form in more expressive manners; unified by an interest in expressing their emotional and psychological responses to the world through bold colors and expressive, often symbolic images. Functionalism is a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish. Modernism is the arising out of the rebellious mood at the beginning of the twentieth century, modernism was a radical approach that yearned to revitalize the way modern civilization viewed life, art, politics, and science.. Realism is a style in art, music and literature that depicted contemporary social realities and the lives and everyday activities of ordinary people.

According to Marx, the means of production were owned by

The Bourgeoisie

The new wealthy elite in Europe consisted of aristocrats and

Industrialists, Bankers, and Merchants

The strongest military and industrial power in Europe by 1888 was

Germany

Which of the following best identifies the impact of the Kodak camera?

Created by George Eastman, it brought about a decline of mirroring reality in paintings