Containment - lecture 7 - infectious disease and human rights

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
full-widthCall Kai
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
GameKnowt Play
Card Sorting

1/15

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

16 Terms

1
New cards

what are the 3 important articles that state the need to take steps to control epidemics 

  • UDHR → universal declaration of human rights 

  • ICESCR → international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights 

  • ICCPR → the right to life

2
New cards

UDHR

  • Article 25 → standard of living/health/wellbeing

  • everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for their health and wellbeing (food, clothing, housing, medical care) 

3
New cards

ICESCR

  • article 12 → the right to health

  • epidemic prevention and response are core elements of the right to health 

  • requires to set up a health system

  • the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health

  • used to be the more russian approach 

4
New cards

ICCPR

  • article 6 → the right to life 

  • American approach

  • freedom of speech, right of assembly 

5
New cards

difference between positive and negative rights

  • negative rights → governments should not harm your rights (of speech/assembly) 

  • positive rights → organize a lot

<ul><li><p>negative rights → governments should not harm your rights (of speech/assembly)&nbsp;</p></li><li><p>positive rights →&nbsp;organize a lot </p></li></ul><p></p>
6
New cards

4 important rights / terms to know (equality, dignity, liberty, security) 

  • equality → don’t discriminate, treat everybody equal 

  • dignity → treat people with dignity and respect. don’t humiliate 

  • liberty → freedom, autonomy. informed consent. free to make your own decisions. 

  • security → individual safety (no unsafe medicine / treatment). also includes security against diseases (prevention). 

human rights based on these 4 principles

7
New cards

important terms about human rights (proportional, universal, subsidiarity, duration) 

  • proportional → if we deviate from human rights it should be proportional (e.g. someone has Ebola, needs to be in isolation, do it for the 

  • universal → for everyone around the world. 

  • subsidiarity → there should not be an alternative that is better (we do not want to violate human rights)

  • duration → if we violate human rights it should be as short as possible. 

8
New cards

timeline of human rights 

important; 

  • 1978 declaration of Alma Ata

    • health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being not just the absence of disease

<p>important;&nbsp;</p><ul><li><p>1978 declaration of Alma Ata</p><ul><li><p>health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being not just the absence of disease </p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
9
New cards

siracusa principle

  • guidelines adopted by the UN to limit human rights restrictions during public emergencies.

  • public health may invoke derogations

    • derogation → is an exemption from or relaxation of a rule or law

  • They provide guidelines on how and when governments may lawfully restrict certain human rights under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

  • important points → proportional, no alternative, temporal 

10
New cards

explain what increases stigma

  • Discrimination and coercive tools such as compulsory testing, named reporting, travel restrictions, and isolation or quarantine were counterproductive

  • this violates especially freedom and dignity


11
New cards

HIV AIDS and human rights in Africa

  • treatment actions group (TAG) → went to court in south Africa

  • sued pharmaceutical companies that anti retro viral medication should be available

  • when they sued this pharmaceutical company they used human rights as an argument

12
New cards

PHEIC

  • public health emergency of international concern

  • formal declaration by the WHO of "an
    extraordinary event which is determined
    to constitute a public health risk to other
    States through the international spread
    of disease and to potentially require a
    coordinated international response"

  • formulated when a situation arises that
    is "serious, sudden, unusual, or
    unexpected", which "carries implications
    for public health beyond the affected
    state's national border" and "may
    require immediate international action"

13
New cards

EXAM 7 moments of public health concern after SARS

  • swine flu / mexican flu

  • ebola (west africa)

  • zika

  • ebola (democratic republic of congo)

  • covid

  • mpox

  • polio

14
New cards

adverse effects of Covid treatment 

  • 47000 additional malaria deaths in 2020

  • 100000 additional tuberculosis deaths.

  • Severe disruption of vaccination programs

  • 121 (93%) of 130 countries reported mental health
    service disruptions, as depression and anxiety
    levels greatly increased

  • COVID-19 prevalence during Brazil’s first wave was
    four-times higher for Indigenous populations than
    White Brazilian people

  • more than 200 million additional people faced acute
    hunger

  • nearly 90 million people into extreme poverty.

  • Policy was discriminatory and inequitable (migrants)

  • 463 million (1/3) of children could not access (online)
    education

  • Violence against women increased

  • Leaders ignored evidence; Religious festivals, divine
    interventions, not closing businesses

  • Critics / health workers were detained

15
New cards

importance when answering exam question

when something is asked about human rights argue it through the terms talked about (equality, dignity, liberty, security, proportional, universal, subsidiarity, duration)

16
New cards

some topics to think about that could be on the exam → argue via the important terms, equality, dignity, liberty, security

  • Ebola outbreak 2014-2016 – forced quarantine of individuals and communities

  • Lack of access to TB services in Nigeria (now)

  • Stop PCR screening for HIV, HBV, and HCV PCR testing (€5,199,220 per QALY)