Lec 22 & 23 - Reproductive Life Cycle

Name all four features of the male gamete (sperm cell)

1. Head

2. Acrosome (enzymes)

3. Midpiece (mitochondria)

4. Tail flagellum

Through the travel process, sperm ______ occurs in order to perform the ______ reaction

capacitation, acrosome

What is the acrosome reaction?

Sperm releases enzymes from the acrosome to break through the protective outer layer of the cumulus oocyte complex (egg)

What is this called? (female gamete)

Cumulus Oocyte Complex (COC)

Name all features of the female gamete (COC) + the outer layer

1. cumulus cell

2. oocyte

3. zona pellucida

There is ___ oocytes (COC) per ____, and there are many ______ per ovary

1, follicle, follicles

What is ART?

assisted reproductive techniques

What are the 3 types of ART (assisted reproductive techniques)?

1. AI (artificial insemination)

2. ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection)

3. IVF (in vitro fertilization)

Explain AI (artificial insemination)

sperm directly placed into female’s uterus

Explain ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection)

single, healthy sperm cell is injected directly into the center of a mature egg

Explain IVF (in vitro fertilization)

egg and sperm are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish to create an embryo, which is then transferred into the uterus

What types of AI is used for the following species?

1. cattle & horses - intrauterine

2. dog - vaginal (maric) or transcervical (TCI)

3. wildife - surgical

4. sheep & goat - laparoscopic

Explain intrauterine AI that is used in cattle & horse

washed and concentrated sperm placed directly inside the uterus using a thin catheter

Explain vaginal (maric) AI used in dog

semen is placed directly into the vaginal canal rather than deep inside the uterus

Explain transcervical (TCI) AI used in dog

specialized endoscope and catheter to guide semen and place directly into the uterus

Explain surgical AI used in wildlife

deposit semen directly into the uterus/uterine horns through a small abdominal incision

Explain laparoscopic AI used in sheep & goat

deposits semen directly into the uterine horns

T/F? Progesterone alone can confirm pregnancy

False, ultrasound reveals pregnancy/viability

Which biomarkers detect pregnancy in cattle/dog in milk/blood?

PAGs (pregnancy-associated glycoproteins) / Relaxin

What are the four types of placental shape/contact point classifications?

diffuse, cotyledonary, discoid, and zonary

Which species get a diffuse placental shape/contact point

horse, pig, lama, alpaca

Which species get a cotyledonary placental shape/contact point

sheep, goat, cow

Which species get a zonary placental shape/contact point

dog, cat

Which species get a discoid placental shape/contact point

human

What are the 3 different placental classifications for layers b/w fetal and maternal blood

epitheliochorial, endotheliochorial, hemochorial

What species have an epitheliochorial placenta

mare, sow, lama, alpaca, sheep, goat, cow

What species have an endotheliochorial placenta

dog, cat

What species have an hemochorial placenta

human, rodents

What are the 3 stages of parturition (process of giving birth)

1. prepare

2. deliver

3. complete

What happens during the prepare stage of parturition

cervix dilates

What happens during the deliver stage of parturition

fetus passes

What happens during the complete stage of parturition

fetal membranes pass

How does the fetus help initiate birth?

fetal maturation leads to cortisol rise, which results in luteolysis (progesterone falls, tract prepares for delivery)

Estrus is _______ receptivity

sexual

Ovulation is ______ release

oocyte

Species change the ________ of the cycle

rhythm

cows; every 3 weeks

dogs; months

high progesterone _______ the ovulatory surge

restrains

low progesterone ______ the surge pathway

permits

T/F? Follicles can grow without ovulating

True

_____ feedback loop for spermatogenesis

positive

_____ feedback controls for steroidogenesis

negative