APUSH Unit 8

yalta conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Big Three

allies during WWII; Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

containment

A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Soviet Union closed off land access to Berlin

NATO

an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO (1955)

NSC-68

A National Security Council document, approved by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment

38th Parallel

Line that divided Korea - Soviet Union occupied the north and United States occupied the south, during the Cold War.

Taft-Harley Act

An act, passed in 1947 by the U.S. Congress, which gave states the right to pass right-to-work laws. These right-to-work laws prohibit employers from establishing union membership as a condition of employment

Loyalty-Security Program

A program created in 1947 by President Truman that permitted officials to investigate any employee of the federal government for "subversive" activities.

HUAC

was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda

Hollywood Ten

Group of people in the film industry who were jailed for refusing to answer congressional questions regarding Communist influence in Hollywood

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

modern republicanism

Eisenhower's government plan: "conservative when it comes to economics, more Liberal when it comes to social programs "

Khrushcev

Leader of USSR after Stalin

peaceful coexistence

Term used by Khrushchev in 1963 to describe a situation in which the United States and Soviet Union would continue to compete economically and politically without launching a thermonuclear war.

"New Look" Defense Policy

policy of the Eisenhower administration that stepped up production of the hydrogen bomb and developed long-range bombing capabilities. Eisenhower cut back on army and navy, relied on air force, and implemented massive retaliation

Third World

Term applied to a group of "developing" or "underdeveloped" countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War.

CIA

is a civilian intelligence agency of the United States government. Its primary function is obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and persons in order to advise public policymakers

Vietminh/Ho Chi Minh

was the leader of the Vietminh. As the French tried to take back their colony of Vietnam, the Vietminh fought back against it as a resistance force. During the Cold War, he gravitated towards communism because it had the most potential for success.

domino theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

fall of Dien Bien Phu

French loses control over Indo-China, known as Vietnam, leading to this major event (1954)

Geneva Accords

A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

Peace Corps

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

NLF/Vietcong

a political organization and army in South Vietnam and Cambodia that fought the United States and South Vietnamese governments during the Vietnam War (1955-1975). It had both guerrilla and regular army units, as well as a network of cadres who organized peasants in the territory it controlled.

Bretton Woods

Representatives from 44 countries met in New Hampshire to design a new international monetary system; resulted in the establishment of the IMF and the World Bank.

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

IMF

a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies

Military industrial complex

refers to the relationship between a country's military, its government, and the defense industry that supplies arms and services.

Sputnik

October, 1957 - The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets.

National Defense Education Act

The act that was passed in response to Sputnik; it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

The Affluent Society

A 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians.

The Other America

A 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington, chronicling "the economic underworld of American life." His study made it clear that in economic terms the bottom class remained far behind.

The GI Bill

law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations

Veterans Administration

A federal agency that assists former soldiers. Following World War II, the VA helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment, sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles.

collective bargaining

negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by an organized body of employees.

planned obsolescence

the practice of modifying products so those that have already been sold become obsolete before they actually need replacement

Beats

This cultural group/movement supported bohemianism and harsh critiques of U.S. society; strong influence on 1960s counterculture --> a group of writers and artists who emerged in the 1950s, rejecting traditional American values and materialism, and exploring themes of spirituality, free expression, and counterculture.

baby boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

Dr. Spock

Was a 1950's doctor who told the whole baby boom generation how to raise their kids. He also said that raising them was more important and rewarding than extra $ would be. --> The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care" (1946), promoted a more nurturing and flexible approach to child-rearing, emphasizing individual needs and opposing strict, traditional methods

Mattachine Society

The first gay rights organization that worked to persuade the public that apart from their sexual orientation, gays were average Americans who ought not to be persecuted.

Levittown

In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII.

Shelley v. Kraemer

A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans, Asian Americans, and other minorities. Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing, unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.

National Interstate and Defense Highway Act

1956 act that provided funds for construction of 42,500 miles of roads throughout the US

Ray Kroc/McDonald's

Ray Kroc was a milkshake mixer salesman who, inspired by the efficiency of the McDonald's brothers' San Bernardino restaurant, transformed their business into a global fast-food empire through franchising, becoming the owner of McDonald's Corporation and credited as its founder.

Sun belt

the southern and southwestern states (from Virginia to California) that experienced significant economic, industrial, and demographic growth after World War II, driven by factors like job opportunities, climate, and lower costs of living

Kerner Commission

created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States

rights liberalism

The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination. This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities — such as race or gender — rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

Union founded by A.Philip Randolph in 1925 to help African Americans who worked for the Pullman Company.

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Brown v. Board of Education Topeka

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Central High School/Little Rock

after brown v board, 9 african americans tried to integrate into a white school, but the town of little rock refused to do so. Eisenhower sent in troops to deal with this and enforce integration

Emmett Till

Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. his death led to the American Civil Rights movement.

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

SCLC

churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success

Greensboro Sit-ins

Members of the SNCC organized "sit - in" of all-white lunch counters at the Woolworth. RESULT: Despite white harassment, it eventually led to the desegregation of lunch counters. NOTE: Dr. King DID NOT organize or lead these protests. SIGNIFICANCE: King did not cause the civil rights movement & large numbers of blacks were motivated to end racial segregation & discrimination.

Ella Baker (SNCC)

-Administrator with SCLC organized Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

-Help to facilitate student sit-ins

-By the end of the year more that 50,000 people participated, became most important student protest organization

Freedom Rides

a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961

"Letter from a Birmingham Jail"

defends nonviolent direct action, argues for the moral imperative to resist unjust laws, and continues to resonate as a call to action for social justice.

Medgar Evers

Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan.

March on Washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream…" speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Freedom Summer

1964 effort to register African American voters in Mississippi

March from Selma

A march that was attempted many times to protest voting rights, with many peaceful demonstrators injured and killed.a series of three marches led by Martin Luther King Jr in 1965, protesting the denial of voting rights to African Americans in Selma, Alabama, and ultimately leading to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965

Voting Rights Act

law that banned literacy tests and empowered the federal government to oversee voter registration

24th Amendment

U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

black nationalism

Nation of Islam

A group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on separatist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality

Stokely Carmichael/Black Power

A leader of the Black Nationalist movement in 1966, he coined the phrase "Black Power". Broke off from the nonviolent movements., the belief that blacks should fight back if attacked. it urged blacks to achieve economic independence by starting and supporting their own business.

Black Panther Party

Organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights. They represented a growing dissatisfaction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement, and signaled a new direction to that movement after the legislative victories of 1964 and 1965.

United Farm Workers/Chavez and Huerta

A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions, especially in the Southwest.

American Indian Movement

A Native American organization founded in 1968 to protest government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans; in 1973, organized the armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota.

Wounded Knee 1973

In February 1973, members of the American Indian Movement occupied Wounded Knee, South Dakota, which was the site of the 1890 massacre of Sioux by federal troops. They insisted that the government honor treaty obligations of the past.

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program this. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Economic Opportunity Act/War on Poverty

1964 act which created a series of programs, including Head Start to prepare disadvantaged preschoolers for kindergarten and the Job Corps and Upward Bound to provide young people with training and employment, aimed at alleviating poverty and spurring economic growth in impoverished areas.

President Lyndon B. Johnson's ambitious domestic program, launched in 1964, aimed at combating poverty and promoting economic opportunity and education, particularly for marginalized communities.

Medicare/Medicaid

Great Society programs to have the government provide medical aid to the elderly and the poor.

Immigration Act of 1965

This act abolished the National Origins system; increased annual admission to 170,000 and put a population cap of 20,000 on immigrants from any single nation.

Equal Pay Act

1963 law that required both men and women to receive equal pay for equal work

The Feminine Mystique

written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities

National Organization for Women

Founded in 1966, called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US troops to south vietnam and fight a war against north Vietnam

Operation Rolling Thunder

A bombing campaign began in 1965 and authorized by President Johnson. This tactical movement relentlessly bombed Viet Cong-occupied land, decimating the landscape of hundreds of miles of land. However, the intricate and enormously large network of tunnels the guerrilla soldiers had built were largely unharmed, and it failed to stop the Viet Cong from continuing to press on.

"credibility gap"

a difference in perception between the government and its people. It occurs when there is a disconnect between what is being told to the people and what they actually believe. It became part of American culture during the Vietnam Wa

SDS/Port Huron Statement/Hayden

-Organization for social change founded by college students in 1960

-1962 manifesto by SDS expressing students' disillusionment with the nation's consumer culture and the gulf between the rich and the poor

-Also rejected Cold War foreign policy

New Left/Free Speech Movement

-A term applied to radical students of the 1960s and 1970s distinguishing their activism from the Old Left

-Cultural issues are main focus

-At California Berkeley admins banned student political activity on university grounds, students organized Free Speech Movement

Young Americans for Freedom/Sharon Stmt

a conservative youth organization founded in 1960, advocated for limited government, traditional social values, and free enterprise, as outlined in the Sharon Statement, and became a prominent voice for "new" conservatism on college campuses.

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment