CAIE AS LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY

Flashcards of key vocabulary terms and definitions from the lecture notes.

Privacy

An ethical guideline related to avoiding the invasion of the participant's personal physical space

Debriefing

An ethical procedure giving all participants a full explanation of the aims and potential consequences of the study at the end so that they live in the same psychological state that they arrived in

Protection

Participants should not be exposed to any greater physical or psychological risk than they would expect in their day-to-day life

Informed consent

An ethical guideline stating that participants should know enough about a study to decide whether they want to agree to participate

Right to withdraw

An ethical guideline relating to ensuring that participants know that they can remove themselves and their data from the study at any time.

Deception

An ethical guideline is that participants should not be deliberately misinformed about the aim or procedure of the study. If unavoidable, the study should be planned to minimise the distress risk, and participants should be thoroughly debriefed.

Confidentiality

An ethical guideline stating that participants' results and personal information should be kept safely and not released to anyone outside the study

Replacement

Researchers should consider replacing animal experiments with videos or computer simulations.

Ethical Issues

Problems in research that raise concerns about the welfare of participants

Ethical Guidelines

Pieces of advice that guide psychologists to consider the welfare of participants and broader society

Internal reliability

Refers to whether the procedures are standardised so that each participant experiences the same thing.

External reliability

Is the extent to which the results of a procedure can be replicated from one time to another, gaining consistent results.

Inter-rater/inter-observer reliability

Refers to the extent to which two researchers interpreting qualitative responses will produce the same records from the same raw data.

Measures of Central Tendency

A mathematical way to determine the typical or average score from a data set. This includes the mean, median and mode.

Mean

Calculated by adding all the scores in a data set and dividing them by the number of scores in the data set.

Median

The middle score of a data set when it is ranked in order (ascending order).

Mode

The most frequent score in a data set.

Measures of spread

A mathematical way to describe the variation or spread within a data set. This includes the range and the standard deviation.

Range

Is between the most significant and negligible values with an addition 1.

Standard deviation

Calculates the average difference between each score and the data set's mean.

Normal distribution

An even spread of a symmetrical variable about the mean, median and mode. It forms a bell-shaped curve and is symmetrical.