APWHM unit 1 vocab

A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah

most prolific female Muslim writer and poet before the 20th century

Abbasid Caliphate

dynasty of the Muslim empire of the caliphate that followed the Umayyad Caliphate; destroyed by the Mongol invasion in 1258

Angkor Wat

Hindu-Buddhist temple complex and capital of Khmer Empire, Cambodia.

Aztec Empire

Mesoamerican empire established with tribute system around Lake Texcoco, reached peak under Montezuma 2 and destroyed by Cortes

Bantu Migrations

the spread of Bantu-speaking peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria to most of Africa

Bhakti Movement

Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to achieve direct union with the divine, popular with masses because was opposed to caste

Byzantine Empire

eastern Roman Empire with capital of Constantinople, situated to control Mediterranean and Black Sea trade with Silk Road.

Champa Rice

an Indian quick-maturing, very resistant rice that could be harvested twice in one growing season will be used by Song to double population

Chan Buddhism

a Chinese school of Mahāyāna Buddhism popular during the Tang and Song Dynasties - will be called Zen Buddhism in Japan

Chinampas

floating gardens in Aztec capital of Lake Texcoco.

Chola Dynasty

a Tamil maritime trade empire of southern India and one of the longest-ruling dynasties in world history

Confucianism

the system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct

Corvee Labor

forced, unpaid labor that was often intermittent - often for government projects - not permanent or inherited like slavery - falls under the general category of coercive or forced labor.

Crusades

a series of Christian holy wars conducted against nonbelievers beginning in 1095

Daoism

a Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Lao Zi which taught that people should turn to nature and give up their worldly concerns - balance and harmony in nature

Delhi Sultanate

a medieval Muslim kingdom that ruled parts of India from the 13th to the 16th centuries

Ethiopia

Christian-led African kingdom also known as Axum that emerged in the 12th century; known for their rock hewn churches

Feudalism

a land system in which a king owned all the land a granted tracks to nobles in exchange for military loyalty, and nobles granted parts of their land to vassals or serfs who worked the land

Filial Piety

a Confucian virtue of respect, obedience, and care for one's parents and elderly family members

Forbidden City

a walled section of Beijing built in the Ming Dynasty where emperors lived between 1121 and 1911

Grand Canal

an over 1,000 mile-long transportation waterway that allowed China to be the most populous trading area in the world during the Song Dynasty

Great Schism of 1054

division between Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox

Great Zimbabwe

a powerful state in the African interior that emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast - became cosmopolitan

Hangzhou

capital of the Southern Song dynasty

Hausa Kingdoms

a group of small independent city-states in northern central Africa, pre-Muslim trade states focusing on slave trade

Heian Period

a period when Japan was most closely connected to and influenced by Chinese culture that lasted from 794 to 1185 CE

House of Wisdom

an academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun

Inca Empire

largest imperial state in the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries. The empire spanned almost the entire coast of western South America in Andes mountains - united by suspension bridges and Incan Trail

Jati

a classification within the Indian caste system

Jizya

a tax for non-Muslims

Kievan Russia

Russian state from 9th-13th heavily influenced by Byzantines

Kowtow

an act of deep respect shown (often by tribute states to Chinese emperor) by kneeling and bowing so low as to have one's head touching the ground

Mahayana Buddhism

focuses on service and became popular in China and Korea - enlightenment is more obtainable for masses in this version

Majapahit Kingdom

Buddhist Kingdom from 1293-1520 based on Java that gained power by controlling sea routes

Mali

trading empire that flourished in western Africa from the 13th to the 16th century and was known for its wealth in gold-salt trade, centered on Timbuktu

Mamluks

enslaved soldiers from the Abbasid era - one kingdom founded in Egypt

Mayans

established a series of independent states and city-states in Yucatan Peninsula

Meritocracy

the obtaining of a position based on skill (or performance on civil service test)

Mesa Verde

the largest complex of Anasazi cliff-dwellings in the United States Southwest

Mita

economic system of Incas that required corvee labor to government

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Persian mathematician; one of the most celebrated Islamic scholars

Neo-Confucianism

the revival of Confucian teachings during the Tang and Song dynasties and a subsequent synthesis of Confucianism with aspects of Buddhism and Daoism

Patriarchy

society in which men hold power within the family, in governance, and/or in economics

Proto-industrialization

people in rural areas producing more goods than they can sell, but not in factories

Rajput Kingdoms

Hindu kingdoms competing with one another that arose after the fall of the Gupta Empire that held off Delhi Sultanate but were too weak due to constant fighting each other

Scholar Gentry

Confucian educated social class that became the most influential social class of China

Seljuk Turk

central Asia empire that took over political control of Abbasids and threatened Byzantines causing crusades

Sinhala Dynasties

Sri Lankan dynasties which were largely agricultural Buddhist

Song Dynasty

a Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 960 to 1279 that preceded the Yuan Dynasty - golden age of transportation and agriculture

Srivijaya Empire

an Indonesian Hindu sea-based empire based on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia which was an important trade center controlling strait of Malacca

Sufis

a mystical Muslim group that had successful missionaries. They believed they could become closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life

Sukhothai Kingdom

a kingdom in north central Thailand from 1238 until 1438 created a threat to Khmer Empire

Swahili

blended language that combined Bantu and Arabic languages and is still spoken today

Syncretism

the blending of elements from more than one religion into a distinct system of worship

Tang Dynasty

Chinese imperial dynasty which preceded the Song; one of the greatest periods of peace and prosperity in Chinese history, and it is remembered for its technological achievements like gunpowder

Teotihuacan

a major city in Mesoamerica that was the center for cultural and religious activities

Theravada Buddhism

Buddhism focused on meditation and academic study found in Southeast Asia

Timbuktu

capital of the Mali empire known as an educational center of Islamic study and center of gold-salt trade across Sahara

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

networks of exchange that transformed West Africa by connecting it to the larger parts of the world

Urdu

a new language with elements of Hindi, Arabic, and Farsi that developed among the Muslims of South Asia

Vijayanagara Empire

an empire in southern India between 1336 and 1646; founded by the brothers Harihara and Bukka Raya in 1336 to protect the people in the southern region from the Muslim states, or sultanates, in the north

Xiongnu

the Chinese name for the confederacy of Turkish-speaking peoples who were nomadic herders in Central Asia and constant threat to Chinese dynasties