sts

Homo Habilis

Called 'Handy Man', lived 1.5 to 2.4 million years ago, used stones as simple tools.

Homo Erectus

Called 'Upright Human', lived 300,000 to 1.6 million years ago, used fire and made stone axes.

Homo Sapiens

Known as 'the wise human' or Neanderthals, lived 30,000 to 230,000 years ago, could speak and made more complicated tools.

Stone Age

Period from 2.5 million years ago to 3,000 BC; consists of Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods.

Paleolithic Period

Duration from 2.5 million years ago to 10,000 BC when early humans were hunters and gatherers.

Neolithic Period

Last phase of the Stone Age, around 8,000 to 3,000 BC, marked by the switch to agriculture.

The Bronze Age

Period from 3,000 to 1,300 BC characterized by metalworking advances including bronze.

Fertile Crescent

Region in the Middle East also known as the 'Cradle of Civilization'.

Mesopotamia

Ancient region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, known for early civilizations and agricultural revolution.

Sumerians

First settled civilization around 4500-4000 BC, known for farming, writing (cuneiform), and hydraulic engineering.

Akkadian Empire

First dynastic rulership in Mesopotamia, established the first united empire ruled by hereditary monarchy.

Code of Hammurabi

One of the earliest legal codes from the Babylonian period under Hammurabi.

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, built by Nebuchadnezzar II.

Egyptology

The study of ancient Egyptian history, civilization, and archaeology.

Iron Age

The period characterized by the making of tools and weapons from iron and steel.

Persian Empire

Established after the Iron Age, known for innovations such as the qanat water management system.

The Renaissance

A period of cultural and intellectual rebirth in Europe, marked by a renewed interest in classical philosophy, literature, and art.

Scientific Method

A systematic approach to inquiry involving problem stating, information collection, hypothesis formation, data analysis, and conclusion.

Empiricism

Theory advocating that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience.

The Industrial Revolution

Transition from manual labor to mechanized production, leading to significant social and economic changes.