Project & Change Management

What is change management?

It’s the way a business is able to introduce change, where management co-ordinate the changes to improve the business.

What is PESTLE?

It’s a strategic business tool used to identify the external factors that may affect a business. It stand for:

Political: government policies, political stability, forgone trade polices.

Economic: inflation. interest rates, disposable income, unemployment rates.

Social: culture, lifestyle changes, trends, population demographic.

Technological: AI, research & development, new innovations.

Legal - employment laws, consumer rights, data protection laws.

Environmental/Ethics: climate change, sustainability, raw material availability.

What is SWOT?

It’s a strategic planning tool businesses use to identify the internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external (opportunities and threats) factors effecting the business. It stand for:

Strengths: loyal customers, strong finances, unique attributes.

Weaknesses: lack of resources, low brand awareness, high debt.
Opportunities: emerging consumer habits, new markets, new innovation.

Threats: new competitors, rising costs, economic instability.

What are drivers?

It’s when a business has to adopt it’s business model to survive, by responding or internal or external circumstances.

Why is continuous improvement and innovation beneficial?

It can increase profits.

Allows the business to stay relevant.

Increases employee retention.

Creates fewer complaints from both consumers and employees.

What is Lewin’s Change Model?

It’s a change framework designed to help organisations and individuals transition smoothly to a new normal. It works by:

Unfreeze: prepare employees for the change.

Change: implement the change.

Refreeze: make the change permanent.

It’s good because it has a clear structure, however it doesn’t consider the business’s culture.

What is Kotter’s 8-Step Change Model?

It’s a change framework which helps organisations successfully guide and sustain major transformations within a business. It works by:

Create urgency: highlight why the change is needed.

Build team: get the best employees for the job.

Create vision: develop a clear strategy to achieve the goal.

Communicate change: share the vision widely and offer understanding and support.

Remove barriers: minimise anything they may effect the goal being reached.

Celebrate wins: celebrate small progress to motivate employees.

Build momentum: analyse what works and set continuous goals.

Embed change: implement the new ways into the company’s culture.

This works well because it reduces resistance from employees, however it’s time consuming.

What is McKinsey’s 7-S Change Model?

It’s a strategic management tools used to align seven internal elements of a business to ensure peak performance and successful change management. These are:

Strategy: the long-term plan to give a competitive advantage.

Structure: the hierarchy, planning and dividing of tasks.

Systems: the formal and informal daily processes.

Shared values: the core beliefs and overall goals within employees.

Skills: the talents and distinct capabilities of the workforce.

Staff: the employees.

Style: the approach used by management.

It looks at the entire business, however it can be very complex.

What is the ADKAR Change Model?

It’s a goal orientated change management framework that guides change through five building block, these are:

Awareness: notify employees of change.

Desire: create a wanting for the change.

Knowledge: explain how it will apply in the business.

Ability: converting the knowledge into skills.

Reinforcement: keeping the change permanent.

What does the Kulber-Ross theory do?

It explains the emotional changes people usually go through when experiencing a significant change.

What is project management?

The process of planning, organising, monitoring and applying resources to achieve an end goal.

What is Six Sigma?

A data-driven project management tools used to reduce defects and improve quality in a business’s processes.

It is known to improve efficiency, however it takes a while to implement.

What is Prince 2?

A structures project management tool focusing on clear stages and reponsibilities.

It can control risks, however there isn’t much room for flexibility.

What is Agile?

A flexible project management tool that uses continuous feedback and improvement.

It is a fast way to respond to change, however its difficult to manage on large projects.

What is SCRUM?

A project management tool where teams work in short sprints to deliver products.

It is good as there is regular feedback, however it is dependent on team collaboration.

What is the difference between quantitative data and qualitative data?

Quantitative = numbers, data, amounts.

Qualitative = opinions, ideas.