Ch. 2-3 Byzantine Empire, Islam ; Mr. Park

What is the Qur’an/Koran? pg.64

Definition: Muslims believe that Muhammad demonstrated perfectly how to apply the Qur’an in daily life. Ex; The Qur’an instructs Muslims to wash before prayer but does not explain how.

What is the Sunna? pg.64

The words and actions attributed to Muhammad were called the Sunna. It was written down by his followers. Ex; accounts of the Sunna claim to describe how Muhammed washed for prayer, so Muslims carefully follow this description.

Muslims believe that Muhammad demonstrated perfectly how to apply the ______ in daily life.

Qur’an

The words and actions attributed to Muhammad, called the ______, were written down by his followers.

Sunna

What is the difference between the Sunna and the Qur’an.

Flashcard:

Definition: The Sunna refers to the traditional practices and the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, which serve as a guide for the behavior and interpretation of Islamic teachings. In contrast, the Qur’an is the holy book of Islam, believed to be the literal word of God as revealed to Muhammad.

Explain the Sharia

The Qur’an and the Sunna form the basis of Islamic law, which is called the sharia. It covers all aspects of human behavior, including family life, community life, moral conduct, worship, and business.

Which two books form the basis of Islamic law? What is the name of the ‘basis of Islamic law’?

Qur’an and Sunna; Sharia

What are the five pillars of Islam?

1: Faith, 2: Prayer, 3: Alms, 4: Fasting, 5: Pilgrimage

What are believers of Islam “called upon to carry out the following duties”?

The Five Pillars of Islam

The first pillar of Islam; description

Faith; Testify to this statement of faith: “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is His Prophet.”

The second pillar of Islam; description

Prayer; Pray five times a day, facing toward Mecca.

The third pillar of Islam; description

Alms; Donate a portion of one’s wealth to help people in need.

The fourth pillar of Islam; description

Fasting; Eat and drink nothing between dawn and sunset during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan.

The fifth pillar of Islam; description

Pilgrimage; Perform the hajj (haj), or pilgrimage to Mecca, at least once in a lifetime if able.

What were the Sunni’s beliefs?

They believed that any Muslim could be caliph.

What were the Shi’ite’s beliefs?

They believed that only members of Muhammad’s family, especially Ali and his descendants, could rule as caliph.

Is there a difference between the Sunni and Sunna? If so what is it.

The Sunni was a group that believed that any Muslim could be caliph. The Sunna was a holy book that included the words and actions attributed to Muhammad were called the Sunna, written down by his followers.

What is “Islam”?

Islam is a religion, followers of Islam is called a Muslim - one who has submitted to God. Its prophet, Muhammad, is the leader of Islam.

Where was the Orthodox religion developed and why.

During the Schism of 1054, the Roman Catholic Church remained in the West, and the Eastern Orthodox Church developed in Byzantium.

Paganism vs Polytheistic

Polytheism is a belief system that involves the worship of multiple gods or deities, while paganism is a spiritual movement that includes many different groups and beliefs

Compare Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

They are all monotheistic, meaning believing in one god. The Jews and Christians consider Abraham a prophet. They also had a holy book with teachings similar to those of the Qur’an. Muslims believe Muhammad was the final prophet of God and that the Qur’an was the final book of revelations from the same God that Jews and Christians worshipped.

Who was possibly the greatest Byzantine Ruler and why?

Justinian became emperor in 527. He recaptured and reconquered lost Byzantium Lands and large areas of the Western Roman Empire. He defeated the Persians and reconquered North Africa, Italy, and parts of Spain. Justinian also reunited the Eastern and Western Roman Empires for a short time. Justinian also reorganized Roman laws and wrote the remaining laws in a single work called the Justinian Code. The work has formed the basis of European law. He also oversaw the building of Hagia Sophia and other projects.

Who was Justinian’s Wife and why was she important?

Theodora was not only Justinian’s wife but one of his advisors. She was behind the laws that protected women and children. She also inspired Justinian to fight when he wanted to flee.

What happened when Justinian died in 565?

Justinian’s debts from the result of many wars nearly bankrupted the empire. The plague resurfaced and quickly spread. The Persians resumed their attack on Byzantium and the newly introduced, religion of Islam, united Arab tribes who formed a Muslim Army. That Army conquered Egypt- who was a major component for Constantinople’s grain supply.

What happened during the Byzantine Empire’s new Golden Age?

Byzantium regained more control over trade, restored, many buildings, and spread Christianity under the leadership of Basil II. The Golden Age was short lived and an army of Christian Europeans launched a series of war called the Crusades to fight the spread of Islam. They had a conflict with Byzantine leaders and sacked Constantinople and occupied the city. Then the Turks, who were Muslims, controlled all lands around Constantinople. Mehmed II, the Turkish ruler broke through the city’s walls and killed Constantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor.

Why was the Byzantine Empire’s location good.

The had the crossroads of Europe and Asia and that was where the trade routes of each continent met. The capital, Constantinople also had a land link between Asia and Europe that allowed trade between the east and west. It was also located on the Bosporus, which linked the Black Sea with the Mediterranean.

Describe the Arabia / Arabian Peninsula

It is one of the hottest and driest places on Earth. The only place life could flourish was at an oasis. Arabia became an important crossroads connecting routes from Asia, Africa, and Europe. The most important city was Mecca. It was the center of trade and religion.

Who was Abu Bakr and why was he important to the survival of Islam.

pg 69