Kim & Omizo investigated the effect of acculturation and enculturation on individuals' self concept (A). Asian-American college students took questionnaires (P). Enculturation was associated with the belif that belonging to the Asian-American social group was an important aspect of one's self concept. Acculturation was associated with self-efficacy, cognitive flexibility, and the belief that others view Asian-Americans positively (R).
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Berry investigated attitudes toward acculturation in immigrant youth (A). First & second generation immigrants from various countries completed questionnaires (P). 36% of participants indicated integration as their strategy of cultural change, while 22% indicated a confused sense of cultural identity. Female-identifying participants experienced acculturative-stress through depression and anxiety; male-identifying participants more often experienced acculturative-stress through aggression and confrontation.
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Lueck & Wilson investigated the effect of language and social contexts on acculturative stress (A). Asian-Americans completed questionnaires (P). Language proficiency, guilt over leaving family, discrimination, fear of deportation, family relationships, social networks, and not feeling "at home" in the US all correlated with increased acculturative stress. The ability to speak both original languages and English had a negative correlation with acculturative stress (R).