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mental processes through which we collect prior experiences information and skills. Is called what?
Memory
what are the three stages of operation?
encode memory storage retrieval
the internal recording of a memory during this stage we have to represent the memory that can be stored in the memory system is what stage of operation?
Encoding memory
Name the three codes in the encode memory stage
visual codesacoustic codes semantic codes
what code represents memories by drawing a mental picture in the end coding stage of operation?
Visual codes
What code records memories through sound in the encode memory stage of operation?
Acoustic codes
what code records based on meanings in the encode memory stage of operation?
Semantic codes
Where we hold memories for a period of time is what stage of operation in the information processing model?
Storage
how long can we hold a memory in the storage stage of the information processing model?
Last to less than a second up to forever
returning a stored memory through a conscious thought is what stage of operation in the information processing model?
Retrieval
List the 3 stages of memory storage
Sensory storage Short term storage Long term storage
This stage of memory storage is where memory is held for less than a second and will pick and choose within a second if the memory will be forgotten or pass on to the short term storage.
Sensory storage
What are the two types of memories in the sensory storage?
Iconic memories and Echoic memories
What are Iconic Memories?
Visual memories
What are Echoic Memories?
Sound based memories
This stage of memory storage memories are held from a few seconds to an extended period of time if you do nothing with the memory it lasts seconds but if you do somthing with the memory it lasts up to an extended period.
Short Term storage
what is another word for short term memory?
Working memory
why is short term storage called working memory?
Because everything you are thinking about at any given time.
where is short term storage stored in your brain?
Stored in the frontal lobe
What two things are in the short term storage?
Chunking Maintenance rehearsal
memory that can hold 5 to 9 chunks of memory at a time is called what?
Chunking
what do we do when it comes to chunking?
We divide information into familiar units that can be large
what is maintenance rehearsal?
When you rehearse information over and over agin in order to hold in the short term storage
What does maintenance rehearsal affect?
Affects how long short term memory lasts
This stage of memory storage memories are held forever and has an unlimited capacity.
Long Term Storage
Long Term storage is stored where in the brain?
Stored in the hippocampus
List the 6 types of long term memories
Procedural memories (I)Semantic (generic) Memories (E)Flashbulb memory Episodic Memories (E)Perspective memories(E)Autobiographical memories (E)
the skills we have learned that are motor movements you will never forget how to do something is what type of long term memory?
Procedural memories (I)
memories of the general knowledge that we acquire overtime it is not associated with time or place is what type of long term memory?
Semantic (generic) memories (e)
memory of events that associated with a time or place. The details fade overtime. is what type of long term memory?
Episodic memories (E)
what memory is under episodic memories?
Flashbulb memories
a brief specific detail of a episodic memory is what type of long term memory?
Flashbulb memory
our memory to do something In the future is what type of long term memory?
Perspective memories (E)
Ability to remember our own personal history also attached to memories of how you felt during the experience is what type of long term memory?
Autobiographical memories (E)
what are implicit memories?
Memories we retrieve constantly without thinking about it
What are explicit memories?
Memories that are based on knowledge
On a list of items the retrieval of the items is largely based on where they are located on the list is what effect on long term memory?
Serial Postilion Effect
What does the serial position effect on memory?
Short term and Long Term memory
What are the two serial position Effects?
Primary effect
Recency effect
When the first few items on a list are easier to remember is what type of serial position effect?
Primary effect
The last few items on a list are more easily retrieved because it was recently put in the memory system is what type of serial position effect?
Recency Effect
When you almost remember something is what effect of long term memory?
Tip of the tongue phenomenon
What happens when you experience tip of the tongue phenomenon?
There is a retrieval issue if you stop trying so hard to retrieve the memory than you will remember in any moment
Believes that there are only two stages of storage sensory and long term and if the memory passes through the short term storage then it will stay there forever is called what?
Levels of processing model
What are the two stages in the levels of processing model?
Short term storage and Long term Storage
What are three methods of retrieval long term memory?
Recal method
Recognition method
Relearning method
When we are able to retrieve long term memory with few cues is what type of method in retrieval of long term memory?
Recall method
When you are testing retrieval with many cues or many options is what type of method in retrieval of long term memory?
Recognition method
The measure of memory that is based on the length of time it takes to relearn forgotten memory is what type of method in retrieval of long term memory?
Relearning method
When do you use the relearning method?
Used if you cannot recall or recognize
What are the four theories of why we forget memories?
Decay Theory
Reconstruction(schema) Theory
Motivated forgetting theory
Interference theory
Memories that are not used gradually fade over time specifically the details of a memory is what type of why we forget memories theory?
Decay Theory
Similar memories interfere with the storage or retrieval of information is what type of why we forget memories theory?
Interference theory
What are the two types of inferences in the interference memory?
Proactive interference
Retroactive Interference
When old memories interfere with the storage of new memories is what type of inference in the inference theory?
Proactive inference
New memories interfere with the retrieval of old memories is what type of inference in the inference theory?
Retroactive Theory
Stored memories sometimes change overtime because we reconstruct them is what type of why we forget memories theory?
Reconstruction(schema) Theory
The ultimate reconstruction error is called what?
A false memory
We forget or block out a memory that are upsetting or threatening is what type of why we forget memories theory?
Motivated Forgetting Theory
What are the two types of motivated forgetting?
Repression
Suppression
Which motivated forgetting theory is associated with sigmund Freud?
Repression
We subconsciously black out the memory in order to protect ourselves is called what?
Repression
When we consciously try to forget a memory because it is causing you unwanted stress or harm is called what?
Suppression
When you expand on information as it passes through the memory system is called what?
Elaborative Reharsal
What is associated with elaborative reharsal?
Mnemonic Devices
What is a mnemonic device?
A memory aid
When we link memories together that are similar is called what?
Associative networks
Why do we use associative networks?
Because the long term storage has unlimited capacity and we use it to like those things together
What is associated with associative networks?
Filing errors
We associate a memory with the wrong category which leads to inaccurate retrieval is called what?
Filing errors
Emotional related long term memories that are only retrieved when the state of mind in which they were stored was recreated is called what?
State Dependent Memories
Memories that are retrieved in the place that which they were first stored is called what?
Context Dependent memories
Describe the Spacing Effect
Storage is more effective when information is spread out overtime
Describe the testing effect
Retrieving during learning enhances storage
Describe how the level of processing model and codes from shallow to deep
Once a memory passes through the sensory storage, it goes through the process of structural- visual, phenomic- sound, and semantic- meaning
What are the three steps in working memory model?
Central executive phonological loop and visual sketchpad
Describe the central executive step in the working memory model?
When you draw attention to something
Describe the phonological loop step in the working memory model?
The sound that your attention is drawn to
Describe the visual sketch pad step in the working memory model?
Drawing a mental picture of the context so you can remember it later
What does the working memory model do?
Breaks down processing in various components
The basic idea that physical changes takes place in the brain when you learn something new is what theory?
The synaptic Theory of Memory
Who is associated with synaptic theory of memory?
Donald Heb
Name the three things that consists of the Synaptic Theory of memory
Engram
Synaptic fallication
Long term potentiation
What is A new memory trace from the changing of neurons called is a Synaptic Theory of memory?
Engram
What is structural changes in the spaces between neurons opening neural pathways called in the Synaptic Theory of memory?
Synaptic failures
What is a increase in the strength of synaptic connections due to continued stimulation called in the Synaptic Theory of memory?
Long Term Potentiation
Name the 3 memory disorders
Anterograde amnesia, Retrograde Amnesia, and infantile Amnesia
The inability to store new memories is what disorder of memory?
Antrograde amnesia
The inability to retrieve old memories can be physical or psychological where you can’t remember old memories is what disorder and memory?
Retrograde amnesia
Karaskoff’s syndrome is related to what type of amnesia?
Anterograde Amnesia
Directly related to alcoholism uses both antrograde and retrograde amnesia is called what?
Karaskoff’s Syndrome
Beginning of early episodic memories is what disorder of memory?
Infantile amnesia
The process which information is transformed,retrieved,stored and obtained is called what?
Cognition(thinking)
Being aware and monitoring your own thoughts. The higher degree of metacognition the memory storage is enhanced is called what?
Meta cognition
The most basic unit of thought; mental categories of related events or items that are linked by a common feature is called what?
Concepts
Name the three concepts of thought?
Superordinate concepts
Natural concepts
Subordinate concepts
Incudes a lot of items, but have few similarities is what type of concept of thought?
Superordinate concepts
Includes a medium number of items, but have more common features is what type of concept of thought?
Natural concepts
Few items, but closely related is what type of concept of thought?
Subordinate concepts
The original mental representation that we use while we think about a concept and allows us think of concepts quickly is called what?
Prototypes
