AQA CHEM - aldehydes and ketones

aldehydes are produced from the oxidation of which alcohols

ketones are produced from the oxidation of which alcohols?

aldehydes - primary alcohols

ketones - secondary alcohols

will aldehydes oxidise further?

will ketones oxidise further?

aldehydes - yes

ketones - no

what will aldehydes further oxidise into?

what is the oxidising agent used in this?

what is the visible colour change of this?

oxidise further into carboxylic acids

this is done by acidified potassium dichromate

goes from orange to green (orange → green)

for both of the tests for aldehydes and ketones, which one gives the positive result

aldehyde gives the positive result for both

are Fehling’s solution and tollens reagent oxidising agents or reducing agents

they are both oxidising agents

what are all the acronyms that I use for the mechanism for aldehydes and ketones, and what do they mean

the only one is ANAR (like pomegranate in urdu)

A = aldehyde

NA = nucleophilic addition

R = reaction

what reduces aldehydes and ketones (is the reducing agent)

I want symbol and name

NaBH₄

is sodium tetrahydridoborate

(if broken down: sodium tetra hydrido borate)

what is the condition for the nucleophilic addition of aldehydes and ketones (what is it)

must be in aqueous conditions

which reagent is often used as the reagent for N.A to form hydroxy nitriles (full formula, not just nitrile group)

i want symbol of reagent, and I want its written name as well

KCN (potassium cyanide)

why is KCN used as the reagent instead of HCN (2 reasons)

because:

• HCN is hard to store as a gas

• HCN reacts to produce dangerous byproducts

when naming hydroxy nitriles, what is the rule

the nitrile (CN) is part of the longest chain, and then u use the IUPAC order to name)

if the carbonyl group is where O is at top, what direction do the arrows for the N.A mechanism always point, for every step

up

when doing the N.A mechanism, and it says “followed by a dilute acid”, is there anything to worry about? is it the same? what doe sit mean

it just means the H+ in the final step of mechanism is form an acid

what is the (IUPAC) name for this molecule, what where/what is the longest carbon chain

2-hydroxy-2methylbutanenitrile