Organic Chemistry Chapter 1 - Atomic and molecular structure

What is Organic chemistry

The branch of chemistry involving organic compounds

What is an Organic compound

A compound composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen

What is an inorganic compound

A compound that is not organic, that is, a compound that is not composed of primarly of carbon and hydrogen

What are electrostatic forces

THe interaction by which opposite charges attract one another and like charges repel one another

What is the Shape of an S orbital

sphere

What is the shape of a P orbital

dumbbell

What Orbital has higher energy

s < p < d

What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle

No more than two electron can occupy a single orbital, two electron in same orbital have opposite spins

What is the Aufbau Principle

Each successive electron must fill lowest energy orbital avalible

What is Hund’s rule

Before a second electron can be paired in same orbial, all other orbital a same energy must contain a single electron

What is a covalent bond

One of the two types of fundamental bonds in chemistry, it is characterized by sharing the valence electrons between two or more atoms

What type of setting is covalent stable and higher in energy

When each electron is attracted to one nucleus

What type of covalent is more stable and lower energy

When each electron is attracted to two nucleus

Compare the bond strengths

Single bond < Double bond < Triple bond

What is a radical

A specie that contains at least one unpaired electron

What is a carbocation

A species that contains a positively charged carbon atom

What is an expanded Octet

A group of more than eight valence electron belonging to a single atom only atom in third row of peroiodic table and below can have expanded octet

What is the exception to the octet rule for less than

Boron and carbon in second row

What is the exception to octet rule for exceeding

Sulfur in third row has expanded octet

What is a nonpolar covalent bond

A type of bond between atoms that have the same Electronegativity, such taht the electron that make up the bond are shared equally

What is Electronegativity

The ability of the atomic nucleus to attract electron in a covalent bond

What is a bond dipole

A separation of partial positive and negative charges along a covalent bond

What is a polar covalent bond

A type of covalent bond between atoms that have different Electronegativity, such that electron make up the bond are shared unequally

What is a dipole arrow

A labeling arrow depicting the direction from excess positive charge to excess negative charge

What is a Ionic Bond

The more Electronegative atom acquires electrons given up by the less electronegative atom, forming oppositely charged ions. Electrostatic attraction between positively charged cations and negatively charged anion constitues with ionic bonds

Compound in Ionic bonds

Mostly a metal and nonmetal

What is the node

where no electron density occurs

What are dipoles measured by

relative electronegativity

C attached to what three things will be a polar bound

N, O, X (halogens)

C attached to what will be nonpolar

S Si, H

How many pairs does Group 13 have

3 bonds

How many bonds does group 14 have

4 bonds

How many bonds does group 15 have

3 bonds

How many bonds does group 16 have

2 bonds

How many bonds does group 17 have

1 bond

How many bonds does noble gases have

none

Higher Electronegativity correlates to what type of bond distance

lower

#of bonds and lone pairs in H

1 bond zero lone pairs

#of bonds and lone pairs in C

4 bonds zero lone pairs

#of bonds and lone pairs in N

3 bonds 1 lone pair

#of bonds and lone pairs in O

2 bonds 2 lone pairs

#of bonds and lone pairs in X

1 bond 3 lone pairs

#of bonds and lone pairs in Noble gases

0 bonds 4 lone pairs

When does resonance apply

When a species has two or more valid lewis structures

What is a resonance hybrid

The weighted average of all resonance structre that can be drawn fora. species around the group of resonance structure

What is an alkane

An acyclic compound consisting of only C-C and C-H single bonds

What is a functional group

A common bonding arrangement of relatively a few atoms. Functional groups dictate the behavior of entire molecules, that is molecules with the same functional groups tend to behave similary.

What is resonance

weighted average of electron movement in a molecule or system