Fundamentals of Cognition Exam #1 Review

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering structuralism, behaviorism, cognitive revolution, brain structures, neuroimaging techniques, and visual processing.

Wilhelm Wundt is considered the father of __________ .

structuralism

Structuralism was inspired by __________ science.

natural

Structuralism posits that elements are the building blocks of matter and __________ .

consciousness

In structuralism, standardized methods provided __________ .

rigor

In structuralism, repeated testing ensured __________ .

reliability

Structuralism methods included reaction time tests and __________ .

introspection

Introspection was usually conducted by the __________ themselves.

experimenters

A pro of introspection is providing useful insight into _______ and __________ .

metacognition, judgment

A limitation of introspection is its lack of insight into the __________ .

subconscious

Introspection cannot test or compare claims and lacks insight into __________ ______.

higher-level cognition

During introspection, information can be forgotten between ______ and __________ ______.

perception, verbal output

Gestalt is a German word meaning ______ or __________ .

whole, complete

Gestalt psychology posits that "_____________________________."

The whole is other than the some of its parts

Functionalism was founded by ______ __________ .

William James

Functionalism was inspired by Darwin's theory of __________ .

evolution

Functionalism focuses on the __________ of mental processes.

utility

Functionalism conceptualizes consciousness as a __________ and ongoing process.

continuous

Functionalism influenced _____ psychology by defining abnormality as interfering with __________ functioning.

clinical, daily

Behaviorism dominated psychology in the US from the __________ .

1900s-1950s

Behaviorism focused only on observable _______ and __________ .

behaviors, stimuli

In behaviorism, behavior is conceptualized as a _____ ______ __________ .

stimulus response pairing

John Watson conducted the Little Albert experiment to teach a child to fear __________ .

rats and other animals

B.F. Skinner developed the Skinner Box to study __________ conditioning.

operant

In Skinner's operant conditioning experiment, food pellets served as the __________ .

reinforcer

In Skinner's experiment with the rat, pressing the lever was the __________ .

behavior

Skinner believed a baby learning to speak was a response to a _______ __________ as a reinforcer.

parent’s smile

Classical conditioning involves an association between __________ stimuli.

external

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus can produce a __________ response after trials.

conditioned

Operant conditioning involves an association between behavior and ______ or __________ outcomes.

desired, undesired

Giving something bad to decrease a behavior is _____ __________ .

positive punishment

Taking away something good to decrease a behavior is _______ __________ .

negative punishment

Giving something good to increase a behavior is _______ __________ .

positive reinforcement

Taking away something bad to increase a behavior is ______ __________ .

reinforcement

Behaviorists treat the mental processes that link input and output as an unexplored __________ .

"black box"

_____ ______ was a behaviorist who discovered data supporting the concept of a __________ map.

Edward Tolman, cognitive

In Tolman's ___ experiment, the third group of ___ received no reward until the __________ day.

maze, rats, 10th

Noam Chomsky argued that behaviorism cannot explain the __________ of language.

creativity

According to _____, immigrant children picking up a new language faster than their parents contradicts learning through parental __________ .

Chomsky, reinforcement

Noam Chomsky proposed an innate, biological _____ _______ __________ .

language acquisition device

______ _______ was an electrical engineer and mathematician who posited Information Theory

Claude Shannon

According to Information Theory, ______ can be studied without consideration of the information's __________ .

processing, content

Descartes proposed _____, asserting that the ___ exists outside of the __________ and body, aka the existence of a “____“.

dualism, mind, brain, soul

________ states that the mind depends completely on the brain.

Materialism

_____ ___stated that behavior and neural function are perfectly correlated.

Donald Hebb

The computational level in Marr's Framework asks: What is the __________ of the _____ ______?

goal, cognitive function

Encoding a picture and comparing it with faces stored in memory occurs at the __________ level of analysis.

algorithmic

The implementation level in Marr's Framework asks how rules are __________ implemented in the brain.

physically

Cognitive neuroscience is prepared to address Marr's __________ level of analysis.

implementation

______ _______ means that different regions of the brain play different roles.

Functional specialization

The hindbrain controls key __________ functions.

life

The _____ coordinates movement, relays auditory info, and regulates the pain experience.

midbrain

The _______ includes subcortical structures and the cortex .

forebrain

The primary function of the occipital lobe is __________ .

vision

The temporal lobe handles ______, _______, and __________ .

perception, language, memory

The parietal lobe is responsible for sensory _______ and __________ ______.

integration, motor control

The frontal lobe is responsible for _____, ______, and __________ .

thinking, planning, decision making

The ______ acts as a sensory relay center and plays a role in __________ .

thalamus, sleep

The ________ regulates basic needs such as eating and drinking .

hypothalamus

The _______ in the _____ _____ handles emotional processing and fear .

amygdala, limbic system

The hippocampus is essential for ______ and __________ .

learning, memory

Primary motor projection areas are located in the ______ __________ lobe.

posterior frontal

Greater motor precision is reflected by more _____ __________ .

cortical coverage

________ projection areas process skin sensations.

Somatosensory

The primary auditory cortex is located in the __________ lobe.

temporal

Apraxia is characterized by problems with __________ _____.

voluntary action

Aphasia refers to problems with __________ .

language

Patients with Broca's aphasia can ______ ______, but cannot __________ .

comprehend language, speak

Broca's area is located in the _____ __________ gyrus.

inferior frontal

Wernicke's area is located in the _______ __________ gyrus.

superior temporal

Patients with Wernicke's aphasia can _____, but cannot __________ .

speak, comprehend language

_____ is characterized by problems identifying familiar objects.

Agnosia

In ______ _______ ______, half of the visual world is ignored .

unilateral neglect syndrome

The fusiform face area is located in the ______ __________ cortex.

inferior temporal

Neurons communicate with each other chemically via __________ .

neurotransmitters

If membrane voltage reaches the threshold, an __________ potential fires.

action

The _____ _____ states: "Neurons that fire together __________ together."

Hebbian Principle, wire

_____ ______ follows the principle of "Use it or __________ it."

Synaptic pruning, lose

During synaptic pruning, active synapses are preserved while inactive ones are __________ .

eliminated

Spatial resolution measures the ability to distinguish between different brain __________ .

locations

_______ ______ measures the ability to distinguish between different brain locations.

Spatial resolution

Temporal resolution measures the ability to distinguish between different __________ points.

time

Firing rate in single-cell recording measures spikes per second in units of __________ .

$$\text{Hz}$$

Which large, general region of the brain is responsible for relaying auditory info?

midbrain

Which large, general region of the brain is responsible for coordinating movement?

midbrain

Which large, general region of the brain is responsible for regulating the pain experience?

midbrain

Which large, general region of the brain is responsible for key life functions?

hindbrain

Which large, general region of the brain is responsible for regular motor function?

forebrain

Which large, general region of the brain is responsible for processing sensory info?

forebrain

The _______ ______ _____ _____ are departure points that command movement

primary motor projection areas

The somatosensory area, A1, and V1 form the _______ ______ _____ ____

primary sensory projection areas

What is the term that describes the example “corresponding area in the right

hemisphere receives its input from the

left side of the body.“

contralateral

Although it is a term falling out of use, ______ _____ cover about 75% of the cerebral cortex

projection areas

_____ _____ _____ _____ provides good spatial and temporal resolution, but is highly invasive .

Single-cell electrode recording

EEG measures _______ electrical activity recorded at the scalp .

aggregated

____ records electrical activity across the entire brain

EEG

The ________ is the largest area of the hindbrain

cerebellum

_______ ______ was the man who took a railroad spike through the head

Phineas Gage

Damage to Gage’s ____ ____ caused _______ changes

frontal lobe, personality

The two hemispheres working together is known as _______

lateralization

Viewing a human face elicits a deeper negative ____ amplitude, $170\,\text{ms}$ after stimulus presentation.

ERP