Sectional Anatomy and Sequential Segmental Analysis - Practice Flashcards

A set of question-and-answer flashcards covering sectional anatomy, echo correlation, axis concepts, valve anatomy, bronchial/pulmonary relationships, laterality and isomerism, and classic congenital heart disease patterns (DTGA and CCTGA) based on the lecture notes.

In a short-axis view of the heart, which structures identify the ventricles and which papillary muscles are present?

Left ventricle and right ventricle are seen; the two papillary muscles are the anterolateral and posteromedial papillary muscles.

What is a key difference between echocardiography and a static cross-section when evaluating cardiac hypertrophy?

Echo shows the cardiac mass moving during the cardiac cycle, whereas a fixed cross-section shows a static morphology; correlation between echo and specimen is essential.

Concentric vs eccentric hypertrophy in the heart – what is the main distinction?

Concentric hypertrophy involves thicker walls with a reduced (or preserved) cavity size; eccentric hypertrophy involves increased mass with a relatively dilated chamber and different physiologic implications.

How is the long axis of the heart defined?

From the cardiac apex to the aortic valve; the short axis is perpendicular to this long axis.

In a short-axis view, what is notable about the mitral valve leaflets and their relation to the aortic valve?

The anterior (proper) mitral leaflet forms part of the inflow and has fibrous continuity with the aortic valve; the posterior leaflet is separate.

How does the tricuspid valve differ from the mitral valve in relation to the septum?

The septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve attaches to the interventricular septum, whereas the mitral valve has no direct septal attachment aside from papillary muscle connections.

What is the crista supraventricularis and what does it separate in the right ventricle?

A thick muscle bundle that separates the inflow (tricuspid) from the outflow (pulmonary) tract in the right ventricle.

In the four-chamber view, which chambers are visualized?

Right atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, and left atrium.

What anatomical features define the right atrium in sectional anatomy (crista terminalis and appendage)?

Crista terminalis separates the sinus venosus from the pectinated wall; the right atrial appendage and surrounding fat tissue near the tricuspid valve insertion help identify it.

What is the coronary sinus and where does it drain?

A large venous structure that drains coronary venous blood into the right atrium.

In the parasternal long-axis view, which key structures are typically observed?

Right ventricular outflow tract, interventricular septum, aorta with the noncoronary cusp, left atrium, and the relationship between the inflow valves and the aorta; the transverse sinus can be appreciated.

Describe the bronchial pattern differences that help distinguish right vs left anatomy (and isomerism contexts).

The right main bronchus is shorter; the right pulmonary artery courses between the upper and lower bronchi; the upper bronchus is eparterial and the lower is hyparterial; the left bronchus is longer.

What is situs solitus and how does isomerism alter organ morphology?

Situs solitus is the usual organ arrangement; isomerism is when bilateral right- or left-sided morphology is present (bilateral right or bilateral left), affecting lungs, bronchi, liver, etc.

What findings might you see in a neonatal thoracoabdominal block with isomerism and midline portal vein?

Bilaterally right-lung morphology, midline portal vein, abnormal duodenum posterior to portal vein, and a hiatal hernia of the stomach.

What characterizes dextro-transposition of the great arteries (DTGA) in terms of great vessel origin?

The aorta is anterior and to the right and arises from the right ventricle; the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle, creating ventriculoarterial discordance.

What defines corrected transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA)?

AV discordance (RA to morphologic LV; LA to morphologic RV) and VA discordance (RV to aorta, LV to PA); circulation is physiologically normal despite the anatomical discordance.

What does D-loop mean in the context of DTGA, and how does it relate to ventricular arrangement?

D-loop indicates normal ventricular arrangement (morphologic right ventricle on the right, left ventricle on the left) with great arteries transposed (aorta arising from the right ventricle, usually).